Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Mechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Pyrolysis reactions – Cellulose As discussed in Pyrolysis article, in the pyrolysis process of cellulose, parallel and competitive reactions exist in the generation of condensable volatiles and char; reaction path k4 overcomes the reaction path k3 at temperatures above 300 °C. Therefore, three demonstrative reactions, such as dehydration (k1), depolymerisation (k2 and k3) and fragmentation
Authors & references
Author:
Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä
References:
- Van de Velden, M., Baeyens, J., Brems, A., Janssens, B. and Devil, R. 2010. Fundamentals, kinetics and endothermicity of the biomass pyrolysis reaction. Renewable Energy 35(1)232−242.
- Piskorz, J., Radlein, D. and Scott, D. S. 1986. On the mechanism of the rapid pyrolysis of cellulose. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 9(2):121−137.
- Boukis, L. P. 1997. Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor. Doctoral Thesis. University of Aston, Birmingham, UK.
- Wang, S. and Luo, Z. 2017. Pyrolysis of Biomass. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany. 268 p.
- Liu, Q., Wang, S. R., Wang, K. G., Guo, X. J., Luo, Z. Y. and Cen, K. F. 2008. Mechanism of formation and consequents evolution of active cellulose during cellulose pyrolysis. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 24(11):1957−1963.
- Richards, G. N. and Zheng, G. 1991. Influence of metal ions and of salts on products from pyrolysis of wood: applications to thermochemical processing of newsprint and biomass. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 21(1,2):133−146.
- Kawamoto, H., Morisaki, H. and Saka, S. 2009. Secondary composition of levoglucosan in pyrolytic production from cellulose biomass. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 85(1,2):247−251.
- Luo, Z., Wang, S., Liao, Y. and Cen, K. 2004. Mechanism study of cellulose rapid pyrolysis. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43(18):5605−5610.
- Drummond, A. R. F. and Drummond, I. W. 1996. Pyrolysis of sugar cane bagasse in a wire-mesh reactor. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 35(4):1263−1268.
- Ghalibaf, M. 2019. Analytical Pyrolysis of Wood and Non-wood Materials from Integrated Biorefinery Concepts. Doctoral Thesis. University of Jyväskylä, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Jyväskylä, Finland. 106 p.
- Wang, S., Guo, X., Liang, T., Zhou, Y. and Luo, Z. 2012. Mechanism research on cellulose pyrolysis by Py-GC/MS and subsequent density functional theory studies. Bioresource Technology 104:722−728.
- Wang, S., Dai, G., Yang, H. and Luo, Z. 2017. Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism: a state-of-the-art review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 62:33−86.
- Scheirs, J., Camino, G. and Tumiatti, W. 2001. Overview of water evolution during the thermal degradation of cellulose. European Polymer Journal 37(5):933−942.
- Shin, E. J. Nimlos, M. R. and Evans, R. J. 2001. Kinetic analysis of the gas-phase pyrolysis of carbohydrates. Fuel 80(12):1697−1709.
- Lin, Y. C., Cho, J., Tompsett, G. A., Westmoreland, P. R. and Huber, G. W. 2009. Kinetics and mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 113(46):20097−20107.
- Shen, D. and Gu, S. 2009. The mechanism for thermal decomposition of cellulose and its main products. Bioresource Technology 100(24):6496−6504.
- Lu, R., Sheng, G. P., Hu, Y. Y., Zheng, P., Jiang, H., Tang, Y. and Yu, H. Q. 2011. Fractional characterization of bio-oil derived from rice husk. Biomass Bioenergy 35(1):671−678.
- Räisänen, U., Pitkänen, I., Halttunen, H. and Hurtta, M. 2003. Formation of the main degradation compounds from arabinose, xylose, mannose and arabinitol during pyrolysis. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 72(2):481−488.
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This page has been updated 06.05.2021