Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents (DES)
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Acid-catalysed hydrolysis with organic acids Recently, a new generation of biorefinery concepts is focusing on valorisation of all components of lignocellulosic biomass.1 Thus, different fractionation approaches, such as acid hydrolysis, enzyme hydrolysis and alkaline treatment, have been investigated intensively. Among them, acid-catalysed hydrolysis has attracted most of the attention by researchers, due to its high
Authors & references
Author:
Chunlin Xu, Kemira Oyj
References:
- Alén, R. 2011. Principles of biorefining. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 55–114.
- Kootstra, A. M. J., Beeftink, H. H., Scott, E. L. and Sanders, J. P. M. 2009. Comparison of dilute mineral and organic acid pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. Biochemical Engineering Journal 46:126–131.
- Sjöström, E. 1993. Wood Chemistry – Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. Pp. 63–70.
- Zhao, X., Wang, L., Lu, X. and Zhang, S. 2014. Pretreatment of corn stover with diluted acetic acid for enhancement of acidogenic fermentation. Bioresource Technology 158(4):12–18.
- Lee, J. W. and Jeffries, T. W. 2011. Efficiencies of acid catalysts in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass over a range of combined severity factors. Bioresource Technology 102(10):5884–5890.
- Qin, L., Liu, Z. H., Li, B. Z., Dale, B. and Yuan, Y. J. 2012. Mass balance and transformation of corn stover by pretreatment with different dilute organic acids. Bioresource Technology 112:319–326.
- Lee, H. J., Seo, Y. J. and Lee, J. W. 2013. Characterization of oxalic acid pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass using oxalic acid recovered by electrodialysis. Bioresource Technology 133:87–91.
- Xu, W., Grénman, H., Liu, J., Kronlund, D., Li, B., Backman, P., Peltonen, J., Willför, S., Sundberg, A. and Xu, C. 2017. Mild oxalic-acid-catalyzed hydrolysis as a novel approach to prepare cellulose nanocrystals. ChemNanoMat 3(2):109–119.
- Goldmann, W. M., Ahola, J., Mikola, M. and Tanskanen, J. 2017. Formic acid aided hot water extraction of hemicellulose from European silver birch (Betula pendula) sawdust. Bioresource Technology 232:176–182.
- Zhang, M., Qi, W., Liu, R., Su, R., Wu, S. and He, Z. 2010. Fractionating lignocellulose by formic acid: characterization of major components. Biomass and Bioenergy 34(4):525–532.
- Zhang, Y., Qin, M., Xu, W., Fu, Y., Wang, Z., Li, Z., Willför, S., Xu, C. and Hou, Q. 2018. Structural changes of bamboo-derived lignin in an integrated process of autohydrolysis and formic acid inducing rapid delignification. Industrial Crops & Products 115:194–201.
- Li, B., Xu, W., Kronlund, D., Määttänen, A., Liu, J., Smått, J.-H., Peltonen, J., Willför, S., Mu, X. and Xu, C. 2015. Cellulose nanocrystals prepared via formic acid hydrolysis followed by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Carbohydrate Polymers 133:605–612.
- Lin, Q., Li, H., Ren, J., Deng, A., Li, W., Liu, C. and Sun, R. 2017. Production of xylooligosaccharides by microwave-induced, organic acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of different xylan-type hemicelluloses: optimization by response surface methodology. Carbohydrate Polymers 157:214–225.
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This page has been updated 15.11.2020