Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents (DES)
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Mechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids The annual consumption of wood biomass in boreal countries like Finland and Sweden is substantial. As a result of this utilisation, the accumulation of by-products, such as bark is significant. Bark amounts to 10–20 % of a stem, depending on the species and growing conditions.1 In addition to being
Authors & references
Authors:
Hanna Brännström and Eelis Halmemies, Luke (Natural Resources Institute Finland)
References:
- Fengel, D. and Wegener, G. 1989. Wood − Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany. Pp. 240–267.
- Routa, J., Brännström, H., Anttila, P., Mäkinen, M., Jänis, J. and Asikainen, A. 2017. Wood extractives of Finnish pine, spruce and birch – availability and optimal sources of compounds: a literature review. Natural Resources and Bioeconomy Studies 73, Natural Resources Institute Finland. 55 p.
- Nurmi, J. 1992. Measurement and evaluation of wood fuel. Biomass Bioenergy 2(1–6):157–171.
- Hubert, J., Angelis, A., Aligiannis, N., Rosalia, M., Abedini, A., Bakiri, A., Reynaud, R., Nuzillard, J.-M., Gangloff, S. C. and Skaltsounis, A.-L. 2016. In vitro dermo-cosmetic evaluation of bark extracts from common temperate trees. Planta Medica 82(15):1351–1358.
- Andrade-Neto, V., Brandão, M., Stehmann, J., Oliveira, L. and Krettli, A. 2003. Antimalarial activity of cinchona-like plants used to treat fever and malaria in Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 87(2,3):253–256.
- Holmbom, B. 2011. Extraction and utilization of non-structural wood and bark components. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 178–224.
- Pinto, P. C., Sousa, A. F., Silvestre, A. J., Neto, C. P., Gandini, A., Eckerman, C. and Holmbom, B. 2009. Quercus suber and Betula pendula outer barks as renewable sources of oleochemicals: a comparative study. Industrial Crops and Products 29(1):126–132.
- Anon. 2019. The Actives Factory. https://www.theactivesfactory.com/. Accessed 03/22, 2019.
- Krasutsky, P. A. 2006. Birch bark research and development. Natural Product Reports 23(6):919–942.
- Jonnalagadda, S., Suman, P., Morgan, D. and Seay, J. 2017. Recent developments on the synthesis and applications of betulin and betulinic acid derivatives as therapeutic agents. In: Atta-Ur-Rahman (Ed.). Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 45–84.
- Royer, M., Houde, R., Viano, Y. and Stevanovic, T. 2012. Non-wood forest products based on extractives − a new opportunity for the Canadian forest industry. Part 1: Hardwood forest species. Journal of Food Research 1(3):8–45.
- Alakurtti, S., Mäkelä, T., Koskimies, S. and Yli-Kauhaluoma, J. 2006. Pharmacological properties of the ubiquitous natural product betulin. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 29(1):1–13.
- Krasutsky, P. A., Carlson, R. M., Nesterenko, V. V., Kolomitsyn, I. V. and Edwardson, C. F. 2004. Birch bark processing and the isolation of natural products from birch bark. United States Patent US 6,815,553 B2.
- Anon. 2019. Birch world. http://birchworld.ru/. Accessed 03/22, 2019.
- Anon. 2019. Innomost. http://www.innomost.com/products/betulin/. Accessed 03/22, 2019.
- Cragg, G. M. 1998. Paclitaxel (taxol®): A success story with valuable lessons for natural product drug discovery and development. Medicinal Research Reviews 18(5):315–331.
- Żwawiak, J. and Zaprutko, L. 2014. A brief history of taxol. Journal of Medical Science 83(1):47–52.
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This page has been updated 15.11.2020