Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents (DES)
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Mechanical pulping
Chemical and biochemical conversion Wood and other related cellulosic materials (lignocellulosics) are highly heterogeneous both physically and chemically. All their main chemical constituents (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and extractives) behave differently during processing, which can traditionally be carried out in a number of ways using mechanical, chemical, biochemical and thermochemical or thermal conversion methods.1-6 Hence, besides
Authors & references
Author:
Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä
References:
- Herrick, F. W. and Hergert, H. L. 1977. Utilization of chemicals from wood: retrospect and prospect. In: Loewus, F. A. and Runecles, V. C. (Eds.). The Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation of Wood, Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, Volume 11. Plenium Press, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 443−515.
- Goldstein, I. S. (Ed.). 1981. Organic Chemicals from Biomass. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 310 p.
- Sinsky, A, J. 1983. Organic chemicals from biomass: an overview. In: Wise, D. L. (Ed.). Organic Chemicals from Biomass. The Benjamin/Cummins Publishing Company, London, England. Pp. 1−67.
- Kamm, B., Kamm, M., Gruber, P. R. and Kromus, S. 2006. Biorefinery systems − an overview. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 3−40.
- Clements, L. D. and Van Dyne, D. L. 2006. The lignocellulosic biorefinery − a strategy for returning to a sustainable source of fuels and industrial organic chemicals. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 115−128.
- Alén, R. 2011. Principles of biorefining. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 55−114.
- Alén, R. 2000. Structure and chemical composition of wood. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 11−57.
- Alén, R. 2018. Carbohydrate Chemistry – Fundamentals and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore. Pp. 280−341.
- Fan, L. T., Gharpuray, M. M. and Lee, Y.-H. 1987. Cellulose Hydrolysis. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. 198 p.
- Goldstein, I. S. 1981. Chemicals from cellulose. In: Goldstein, I. S. (Ed.). Organic Chemicals from Biomass. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Pp. 101–124.
- Thompson, N. S. 1981. Chemicals from hemicellulose. In: Goldstein, I. S. (Ed.). Organic Chemicals from Biomass. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Pp. 125–141.
- Young, R. A. and Rowell, R. M. (Eds.) 1986. Cellulose – Structure, Modification and Hydrolysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA. 379 p.
- Katzen, R. and Schell, D. J. 2006. Lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery: history and plant development for biomass hydrolysis. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 129−138.
- Alén, R. 2018. Carbohydrate Chemistry – Fundamentals and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore. Pp. 455−462.
- Kootstra, A. M. J., Beeftink, H. H., Scott, E. L. and Sanders, J. P. M. 2009. Comparison of dilute mineral and organic acid pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. Biochemical Engineering Journal 46:126-131.
- Lee, J. W. and Jeffries, T. W. 2011. Efficiencies of acid catalysts in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass over a range of combined severity factors. Bioresource Technology 102(10):5884-5890.
- Goldmann, W. M., Ahola, J., Mikola, M. and Tanskanen, J. 2017. Formic acid aided hot water extraction of hemicellulose from European silver birch (Betula pendula) sawdust. Bioresource Technology 232:176-182.
- Zhang, M., Qi, W., Liu, R., Su, R., Wu, S. and He, Z. 2010. Fractionating lignocellulose by formic acid: characterization of major components. Biomass and Bioenergy 34(4):525-532.
- Wayman, M. 1986. Comparative effectiveness of various acids for hydrolysis of cellulosics. In: Young, R. A. and Rowell, R. M. (Eds.). Cellulose – Structure, Modification and Hydrolysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 265–279.
- Garrote, G., Domínguez, H. and Parajó, J. C. 2001. Generation of xylose solutions from Eucalyptus globules wood by autohydrolysis-posthydrolysis processes: posthydrolysis kinetics. Bioresource Technology 79:155–164.
- Converse, A. O., Kwarteng, I. K., Grethlein, H. E. and Ooshima, H. 1989. Kinetics of thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 20/21:63–78.
- Alén R. 2000. Basic chemistry of wood delignification. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 58−104.
Videos
Exercises
This page has been updated 15.11.2020