Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Mechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Process configurations – oxygen-alkali delignification Pressurised reactors Oxygen (O) and hydrogen peroxide stages reinforced with O2 (PO) use pressurised reactors, but they can also be used in ozone (Z) and chlorine dioxide (D) stages. The design pressure and temperature depend on the process application. Normal pressure levels are 5–12 bar overpressure at 100–130 °C. Oxygen
Authors & references
Authors:
Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä and Victoria Lindqvist, Forest Products Engineers have modified the text from the reference “Chirat, C., Hostachy, C.-J., Paloniemi, J., Pelin, K., Pohjanvesi, S., Nordén, S., Vesala, R. and Wennerström, M. 2011. In: Fardim, P. (Ed.). Chemical Pulping Part 1, Fibre Chemistry and Technology. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 460−599”. More literature references can also be found in this chapter.
References:
- Chirat, C., Hostachy, C.-J., Paloniemi, J., Pelin, K., Pohjanvesi, S., Nordén, S., Vesala, R. and Wennerström, M. 2011. In: Fardim, P. (Ed.). Chemical Pulping Part 1, Fibre Chemistry and Technology. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 460−599.
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This page has been updated 19.05.2021