Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents (DES)
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Kraft pulping The term “pulping” refers to different processes by which the timber resources (i.e., pulpwood) or other fibrous natural feedstocks are converted into a product mass with liberated fibres.1-11 These thermal conversions can be accomplished according to a broad classification either chemically (i.e., by means of chemicals) or mechanically (i.e., by means of refining)
Authors & references
Author:
Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä
References:
- Rydholm, S. 1965. Pulping Processes. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY, USA. 1269 p.
- Grace, T. M., Leopold, B., Malcolm, E. W. and Kocurek, M. J. (Eds.). 1989. Pulp and Paper Manufacture, Volume 5, Alkaline Pulping. 3rd edition. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, TAPPI&CPPA, USA and Canada. 637 p.
- Sjöström, E. 1993. Wood Chemistry − Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. 293 p.
- Biermann, C. J. 1996. Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. 754 p.
- Alén, R. 2000. Basic chemistry of wood delignification. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 58−104.
- Sixta, H. (Ed.). 2006. Handbook of Pulp. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. 1348 p.
- Alén, R. 2011. Principles of biorefining. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 55−114.
- Fardim, P. (Ed.) 2011. Chemical Pulping Part 1, Fibre Chemistry and Technology. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. 748 p.
- Alén, R. 2015. Pulp mills and wood-based biorefineries. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 91−126.
- Smook, G. 2016. Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists. 4th edition. Tappi Press Atlanta, GA, USA. 425 p.
- Alén, R. 2018. Carbohydrate Chemistry – Fundamentals and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore. Pp. 472−496.
- Kamm, B., Kamm, M., Gruber, P. R. and Kromus, S. 2006. Biorefinery systems − an overview. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 3−40.
- Clements, L. D. and Van Dyne, D. L. 2006. The lignocellulosic biorefinery − a strategy for returning to a sustainable source of fuels and industrial organic chemicals. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 115−128.
- Katzen, R. and Schell, D. J. 2006. Lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery: history and plant development for biomass hydrolysis. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 129−138.
- Koukoulas, A. A. 2007. Cellulosic biorefineries − charting a new course for wood use. Pulp & Paper Canada 108(6):17−19.
- Clark, J. H. and Deswarte, E. I. 2008. The biorefinery concept − an integrated approach. In: Clark, J. H. and Deswarte, E. I. (Eds.). Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 1−20.
- Cherubini, F. 2010. The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management 51(7):1412−1421.
- Alén, R. 2018. Manufacturing cellulose fibres for making paper: a historical perspective. In: Särkkä, T., Gutiérrez-Poch, M. and Kuhlberg, M. (Eds.). Technological Transformation in the Global Pulp and Paper Industry 1800-2018. Springer Nature Switzerland. Pp. 13−34.
- Harstela, P. 1998. Timber procurement. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.), Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 311−362.
- Hamaguchi, M., Cardoso, M. and Vakkilainen, E. 2012. Alternative technologies for biofuels production in kraft pulp mills − potential and prospects. Energies 5:2288−2309.
- Acharys, B., Sule, I. and Dutta, A. 2012. A review on advances of torrefaction technologies for biomass processing. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinary 2:349−369.
- Perkins, J. K. and Cowan, B. 1989. In: Grace, T. M., Leopold, B., Malcolm, E. W. and Kocurek, M. J. (Eds.). Pulp and Paper Manufacture, Volume 5, Alkaline Pulping. 3rd edition. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, TAPPI&CPPA, USA and Canada. Pp. 241−278.
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Exercises
This page has been updated 15.11.2020