Black liquor-properties

Authors & references

Author:

Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä

References:

1. Niemelä, K. and Alén, R. 1999. Characterization of pulping liquors. In: Sjöström, E. and Alén, R. (Eds.). Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. Pp. 193–231.
2. Alén, R. 2000. Basic chemistry of wood delignification. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 58–104.
3. Alén, R. 2011. Principles of biorefining. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 55−114.
4. Parviainen, K., Jaakkola, H. and Nurminen, K. 2008. Evaporation of black liquor. In: Tikka, P. (Ed.). Chemical Pulping Part 2, Recovery of Chemicals and Energy. 2^nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 36–84.
5. Rydholm, S. 1965. Pulping Processes. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 576−649.
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8. Biermann, C. J. 1996. Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking. 2^nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. 86−91.
9. Alén, R. 2015. Pulp mills and wood-based biorefineries. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 91−126.
10. Smook, G. 2016. Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists. 4^th edition. Tappi Press Atlanta, GA, USA. Pp. 74−83.
11. Hubbe, M. A., Alén, R., Paleologou, M., Kannangara, M. and Kihlman, J. 2019. Lignin recovery from spent alkaline pulping liquors using acidification, membrane separation, and related processing steps: a review. BioResources 14(1):2300−2351.
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14. Pakkanen, H. and Alén, R. 2012. Molecular mass distribution of lignin from the alkaline pulping of hardwood, softwood, and wheat straw. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 32(4):279−293.
15. Lehto, J., Pakkanen, H. and Alén, R. 2015. Molecular mass distribution of sulfur-free lignin from alkaline pulping preceded by hot-water-extraction. Appita Journal 68(2):149−157.
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17. Frederick, Wm. J. 1997. Black liquor properties. In: Adams, T. N. (Ed.). Kraft Recovery Boilers. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA, USA. Pp. 59−99.
18. Alén, R., Niemelä, K. and Sjöström, E. 1984. Gas-liquid chromatographic separation of hydroxy monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids on a fused-silica capillary column. Journal of Chromatography 301(1):273−276.
19. Alén, R., Jännäri, P. and Sjöström, E. 1985. Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of lactic acid and C₁-C₆ volatile fatty acids as their benzyl esters on a fused-silica capillary column. Finnish Chemical Letters 12(5):190−192.
20. Käkölä, J. 2009. Fast Chromatographic Methods for Determining Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids in Black Liquors. Doctoral Thesis. University of Jyväskylä, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Jyväskylä, Finland. 92 p.
21. Grace, T. M. 1989. Black liquor evaporation. In: Grace, T. M., Leopold, B., Malcolm, E. W. and Kocurek, M. J. (Eds.). Pulp and Paper Manufacture, Vol. 5, Alkaline Pulping. 3^rd edition. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, TAPPI&CPPA, USA and Canada. Pp. 477−530.
22. Vakkilainen, E. 1999. Chemical recovery. In: Gullichsen, J. and Fogelholm, C.-J. (Eds.). Chemical Pulping. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. B95−B132.
23. Hupa, M., Solin, P. and Hyöty, P. 1987. Combustion behavior of black liquor droplets. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science 13:J67−J72.
24. Whitty, K., Backman, R. and Hupa, M. 1994. An empirical rate model for black liquor char gasification as a function of gas composition and pressure. Advances in Forest Products, AIChE Symposium Series 90(302):73–84.
25. Frederick, W. J., Noopila, T. and Hupa, M. 1991. Combustion behavior of black liquor at high solids firing. Tappi Journal 74(12):163–170.
26. van Heiningen, A. R. P., Arpiainen, V. T. and Alén, R. 1994. Effect of liquor type and pyrolysis rate on the steam gasification reactivities of black liquor. Pulp and Paper Canada 95:T358–T363.
27. Miller, T., Clay, D. T. and Lonsky, W. F. W. 1989. The influence of composition on the swelling of kraft black liquor during pyrolysis. Chemical Engineering Communications 75:101–120.
28. Noopila, T., Alén, R. and Hupa, M. 1991. Combustion properties of laboratory-made black liquors. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science 17:J105–J109.
29. Alén, R., Hupa, M. and Noopila, T. 1992. Combustion properties of organic constituents of kraft black liquors. Holzforschung 46:337–342.
30. Alén, R. 1997. Analysis of degradation products: A new approach to characterize the combustion properties of kraft black liquors. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science 23:J62–J66.
31. Alén, R. 2004. Combustion behavior of black liquors from different delignification conditions. Proceedings of 40 Years Recovery Boiler Co-operation in Finland. International Recovery Boiler Conference, Haikko Manor, Porvoo, Finland, May 12–14, 2004. Pp. 31–42.