Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Mechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Production of bioenergy Because of the increasing demand for energy and growing environmental pressures, the production of bioenergy from a wide range of renewable resources has rapidly become increasingly important during the past few decades.1-3 On the other hand, the world energy demand has dramatically increased also and new sources of energy, besides fossil and
Authors & references
Author:
Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä
References:
- Alén, R. 2011. Principles of biorefining. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 55−114.
- Alén, R. 2018. Carbohydrate Chemistry – Fundamentals and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore. Pp. 280−341.
- Vertès, A. A., Qureshi, N., Blaschek, H. P. and Yukawa, H. (Eds.). 2010. Biomass to Biofuels – Strategies for Global Industries. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA. 559 p.
- Arshadi, M. and Sellstedt, A. 2008. Production of energy from biomass. In: Clark, J. H. and Deswarte, F. E. I. (Eds.). Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 143−178.
- Herrick, F. W. and Hergert, H. L. 1977. Utilization of chemicals from wood: retrospect and prospect. In: Loewus, F. A. and Runecles, V. C. (Eds.). The Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation of Wood, Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, Volume 11. Plenium Press, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 443−515.
- Goldstein, I. S. (Ed.). 1981. Organic Chemicals from Biomass. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 310 p.
- Sinsky, A, J. 1983. Organic chemicals from biomass: an overview. In: Wise, D. L. (Ed.). Organic Chemicals from Biomass. The Benjamin/Cummins Publishing Company, London, England. Pp. 1−67.
- Alén, R. 1990. Conversion of cellulose-containing materials into useful products. In: Kennedy, J. F., Phillips, G. O. and Williams, P. A. (Eds.). Cellulose Sources and Exploitation − Industrial Utilization, Biotechnology, and Physico-Chemical Properties. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, England. Pp. 453−464.
- Ragauskas, A, J., Williams, C. K., Davison, B. H., Britovsek, G., Cairney, J., Eckert, C. A., Frederick, W. J. Jr, Hallett, J. P., Leak, D. J., Liotta, C. L., Mielenz, J. R., Murphy, R., Templer, R. and Tschaplinski, T. 2006. The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials. Science 311:484−489.
- Kamm, B., Kamm, M., Gruber, P. R. and Kromus, S. 2006. Biorefinery systems − an overview. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 3−40.
- Dale, B.E. and Kim, S. 2006. Biomass refining global impact − the biobased economy of the 21st century. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 41−66.
- Clements, L. D. and Van Dyne, D. L. 2006. The lignocellulosic biorefinery − a strategy for returning to a sustainable source of fuels and industrial organic chemicals. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 115−128.
- Clark, J. H. and Deswarte, E. I. 2008. The biorefinery concept — An integrated approach, in Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 1−20.
- Ragauskas A. (Ed.). 2013. Materials for Biofuels. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore. 380 p.
- Fagernäs, L., Johansson, A., Wilén, C., Sipilä, K., Mäkinen, T., Helynen, S., Daugherty, E., den Uil, H., Vehlow, J., Kåberger, T. and Rogulska, M. 2006. Bioenergy in Europe − Opportunities and Barriers, VTT Research Notes 2 352. Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland. 118 p.
- Anon. 2006. Biofuels in the European Union − A Vision for 2030 and Beyond, Final Report of the Biofuels Research Advisory Council. European Communities, Luxembourg, Belgium. 33 p.
- Alén, R. 2015. Pulp mills and wood-based biorefineries. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 91−126.
- Goldstein, I. S. 1981. Composition of biomass. In: Goldstein, I. S. (Ed.). Organic Chemicals from Biomass. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Pp. 9−18.
- Piskorz, J. 2002. Fundamentals, mechanisms and science of pyrolysis. In: Bridgwater, A. V. (Ed.). Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: A Handbook, Volume 2. CPL Press, Newbury, England. Pp. 103−125.
- Murwanashyaka, J. N., Pakdel, H. and Roy, C. 2002. Fractional vacuum pyrolysis of biomass and separation of phenolic compounds by steam distillation. In: Bridgwater, A. V. (Ed.). Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: A Handbook, Volume 2. CPL Press, Newbury, England. Pp. 407−418.
- Cao, N., Darmstadt, H. and Roy, C. 2001. Activated carbon produced from charcoal obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark residues. Energy & Fuels 15:1263−1269.
- Hemingway, R. W. 19821. Bark: its chemistry and prospects for chemical utilization. In: Goldstein, I. S. (Ed.). Organic Chemicals from Biomass. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Pp. 189−248.
- Qureshi, N., Saha, B. C. and Cotta, M. A. 2007. Butanol production from wheat straw hydrolysate using Clostridium beijerinckii. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 30:419−427.
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- Lee, S. Y., Hubbe, M. A. and Saka, S. 2006. Prospects for biodiesel as a byproduct of wood pulping − a review. BioResourses 1(1):150−171.
- Maher, K. D. and Bressler, D. C. 2007. Pyrolysis of triglyceride materials for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Bioresearch Technology 98:2351−2368.
- Lappi, H. and Alén, R. 2009. Production of vegetable oil-based biofuels − thermochemical behaviour of fatty acid sodium salts during pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 86: 274−280.
- Lappi, H. 2012. Production of Hydrocarbon-rich Biofuels from Extractives-derived Materials. Doctoral Thesis. University of Jyväskylä, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Jyväskylä, Finland. 111 p.
- Arpiainen, V. 2001. Production of Light Fuel Oil from Tall Oil Soap Liquids by Fast Pyrolysis Techniques. Licentiateʼs Thesis. University of Jyväskylä, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Jyväskylä, Finland. 51 p. (in Finnish).
- Yusuf, C. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances 25:294−306.
- Ruohonen, L. and Tamminen, T. 2009. Microbes and algae for biodiesel production – microfuel. In: BioRefine Programme 2007−2012, Yearbook 2009. Mäkinen, T. and Alakangas, E. (Eds.). Tekes, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 13−28.
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This page has been updated 06.05.2021