Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents (DES)
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Mechanical pulping
General approach and principles Wood and other cellulosic materials (collectively called “lignocellulosics”) can be traditionally processed (i.e., partly “fractionated”) in a number of ways, using mechanical, chemical (including biochemical), thermochemical and thermal (combustion) methods (Figure 1). Nowadays, the average proportions of the total wood utilisation are as follows:1 fuel 50−55 %, construction 25−30 %, fibre
Authors & references
Author:
Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä
References:
- Alén, R. 2018. Carbohydrate Chemistry – Fundamentals and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore. Pp. 472−496.
- Alén, R. 2011. Principles of biorefining. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 55−114.
- Alén, R. 2000. Structure and chemical composition of wood. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 11−57.
- Lehtonen. J. and Järnefelt, V. (Eds.). 2019. The Carbon Reuse Economy – Transforming CO2 from a Pollutant into a Resource. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland. 50 p.
- Lantto, R., Järnefelt, V. and Tähtinen, M. (Eds.). 2018. Going beyond a Circular Economy – a Vision of a Sustainable Economy in which Material, Value and Information are Integrated and Circulate together. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland. 60 p.
- Alén, R. 2015. Pulp mills and wood-based biorefineries. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 91−126.
- Kamm, B., Kamm, M., Gruber, P. R. and Kromus, S. 2006. Biorefinery systems − an overview. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 3−40.
- Clements, L. D. and Van Dyne, D. L. 2006. The lignocellulosic biorefinery − a strategy for returning to a sustainable source of fuels and industrial organic chemicals. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 115−128.
- Katzen, R. and Schell, D. J. 2006. Lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery: history and plant development for biomass hydrolysis. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 129−138.
- Koukoulas, A. A. 2007. Cellulosic biorefineries − charting a new course for wood use. Pulp & Paper Canada 108(6):17−19.
- Clark, J. H. and Deswarte, E. I. 2008. The biorefinery concept − an integrated approach. In: Clark, J. H. and Deswarte, E. I. (Eds.). Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 1−20.
- Cherubini, F. 2010. The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management 51(7):1412−1421.
- Cohen, J. and Stuart, P. 2012. Systematic screening of biorefinery technologies at the early stage of design. Tappi Journal 11(10):21−27.
- Alén, R. 2018. Manufacturing cellulose fibres for making paper: a historical perspective. In: Särkkä, T., Gutiérrez-Poch, M. and Kuhlberg, M. (Eds.). Technological Transformation in the Global Pulp and Paper Industry 1800-2018. Springer Nature Switzerland. Pp. 13−34.
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This page has been updated 15.11.2020