General approach and principles

Authors & references

Author:

Professor Emeritus Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä

References:

1. Alén, R. 2018. Carbohydrate Chemistry – Fundamentals and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore. Pp. 472−496.
2. Alén, R. 2011. Principles of biorefining. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 55−114.
3. Alén, R. 2000. Structure and chemical composition of wood. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 11−57.
4. Lehtonen. J. and Järnefelt, V. (Eds.). 2019. The Carbon Reuse Economy – Transforming CO₂ from a Pollutant into a Resource. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland. 50 p.
5. Lantto, R., Järnefelt, V. and Tähtinen, M. (Eds.). 2018. Going beyond a Circular Economy – a Vision of a Sustainable Economy in which Material, Value and Information are Integrated and Circulate together. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland. 60 p.
6. Alén, R. 2015. Pulp mills and wood-based biorefineries. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 91−126.
7. Kamm, B., Kamm, M., Gruber, P. R. and Kromus, S. 2006. Biorefinery systems − an overview. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 3−40.
8. Clements, L. D. and Van Dyne, D. L. 2006. The lignocellulosic biorefinery − a strategy for returning to a sustainable source of fuels and industrial organic chemicals. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 115−128.
9. Katzen, R. and Schell, D. J. 2006. Lignocellulosic feedstock biorefinery: history and plant development for biomass hydrolysis. In: Kamm, B., Gruber, P. R. and Kamm, M. (Eds.). Biorefineries − Industrial Processes and Products, Volume 1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 129−138.
10. Koukoulas, A. A. 2007. Cellulosic biorefineries − charting a new course for wood use. Pulp & Paper Canada 108(6):17−19.
11. Clark, J. H. and Deswarte, E. I. 2008. The biorefinery concept − an integrated approach. In: Clark, J. H. and Deswarte, E. I. (Eds.). Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 1−20.
12. Cherubini, F. 2010. The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management 51(7):1412−1421.
13. Cohen, J. and Stuart, P. 2012. Systematic screening of biorefinery technologies at the early stage of design. Tappi Journal 11(10):21−27.
14. Alén, R. 2018. Manufacturing cellulose fibres for making paper: a historical perspective. In: Särkkä, T., Gutiérrez-Poch, M. and Kuhlberg, M. (Eds.). Technological Transformation in the Global Pulp and Paper Industry 1800-2018. Springer Nature Switzerland. Pp. 13−34.