Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents (DES)
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Stemwood extractives-based products The stemwood extractives and products based on them can be classified to the following groups: Terpenes and terpenoids-based products Pine tar Turpentine Rosin Sterols Polyphenols-based products: products from knot lignans Fatty acids-based products These extractives are separated from wood biomass either via extraction or as by-products from kraft pulping (Figure 1). In
Authors & references
Authors:
Hanna Brännström and Eelis Halmemies, Luke (Natural Resources Institute Finland)
References:
- Rajendran, V., Breitkreuz, K., Kraft, A., Maga, D. and Brucart, M. 2016. Analysis of the European crude tall oil industry — environmental impact, socio-economic value & downstream potential. Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Oberhausen, Germany. Retrieved from http://www.harrpa.eu/images/Publications/EU_CTO_Added_Value_Study_Fin.pdf
- Anon. 2016. Global impact of the modern pine chemical industry. Report. Pine Chemical Association. Retrieved from https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.pinechemicals.org/resource/resmgr/Studies/PCA-_Global_Impact_of_the_Mo.pdf.
- Barnes, T. M. and Greive, K. A. 2017. Topical pine tar: history, properties and use as a treatment for common skin conditions. The Australasian Journal of Dermatology 58(2):80–85.
- Egenberg, I. M., Aasen, J. A., Holtekjølen, A. K. and Lundanes, E. 2002. Characterisation of traditionally kiln produced pine tar by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 62(1):143–155.
- Holmbom, B. 2011. Extraction and utilization of non-structural wood and bark components. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 178–224.
- Holmbom, B., Eckerman, C., Eklund, P., Hemming, J., Nisula, L., Reunanen, M., Sjöholm, R., Sundberg, A., Sundberg, K. and Willför, S. 2003. Knots in trees – a new rich source of lignans. Phytochemistry Reviews 2(3):331–340.
- Willför, S., Nisula, L., Hemming, J., Reunanen, M. and Holmbom B. 2004. Bioactive phenolic substances in industrially important tree species. Part 1: Knots and stemwood of different spruce species. Holzforschung 58(4):335–344.
- Willför, S., Sundberg, A., Rehn, P., Holmbom, B. and Saranpää, P. 2005. Distribution of lignans in knots and adjacent stemwood of Picea abies. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 63(5):353–357.
- Willför, S., Hemming, J., Reunanen, M., Eckerman, C. and Holmbom, B. 2003. Lignans and lipophilic extractives in Norway spruce knots and stemwood. Holzforschung 57(1):27–36.
- Willför, S., Reunanen, M., Eklund, P., Sjöholm, R., Kronberg, L., Fardim, P., Pietarinen, S. and Holmbom, B. 2004. Oligolignans in Norway spruce and Scots pine knots and Norway spruce stemwood. Holzforschung 58(4):345–354.
- Eklund, P. C., Willför, S. M., Smeds, A. I., Sundell, F. J., Sjöholm, R. E. and Holmbom, B. R. 2004. A new lariciresinol-type butyrolactone lignan derived from hydroxymatairesinol and its identification in spruce wood. Journal of Natural Products 67(6):927–931.
- Masuda, T., Akiyama, J., Fujimoto, A., Yamauchi, S., Maekawa, T. and Sone, Y. 2010. Antioxidation reaction mechanism studies of phenolic lignans, identification of antioxidation products of secoisolariciresinol from lipid oxidation. Food Chemistry 123(2):442–450.
- Latva-Mäenpää, H. 2017. Bioactive and Protective Polyphenolics from Roots and Stumps of Conifer Trees (Norway Spruce and Scots Pine). Doctoral Thesis. University of Helsinki, Finland.
- Latva-Mäenpää, H., Laakso, T., Sarjala, T., Wähälä, K. and Saranpää P. 2014. Root neck of Norway spruce as a source of bioactive lignans and stilbenes. Holzforschung 68(1):1–7.
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This page has been updated 15.11.2020