Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Mechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Neutral and alkaline sulphite pulping Semichemical pulping generally uses sulphite chemistry at neutral or close to neutral pH.1 The most common process is neutral sulphite semichemical (NSSC) pulping, in which sodium (Na) and ammonium (NH4) are the only possible bases due to the pH requirement. The process is mainly used for hardwood species or sawdust
Authors & references
Author:
Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä has modified the text mainly from the reference “Gustafsson, J., Alén, R., Engström, J., Korpinen, R., Kuusisto, P., Leavitt, A, Olsson, K., Piira, J., Samuelsson, A. and Sundquist, J. 2011. Pulping. In: Fardim, P. (Ed.). Chemical Pulping Part 1, Fibre Chemistry and Technology. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 187−381”.
References
- Gustafsson, J., Alén, R., Engström, J., Korpinen, R., Kuusisto, P., Leavitt, A., Olsson, K., Piira, J., Samuelsson, A. and Sundquist, J. 2011. Pulping. In: Fardim, P. (Ed.). Chemical Pulping Part 1, Fibre Chemistry and Technology. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 187−381.
- Alén, R. 2000. Basic chemistry of wood delignification. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 58−104.
- Alén, R. 2011. Principles of biorefining. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 55−114.
- Virkola, N.-E. (Ed). 1983. Puumassan valmistus. Suomen paperi-insinöörien yhdistyksen oppi- ja käsikirja II, osa 1. Toinen uudistettu painos. Suomen Paperi-insinöörien yhdistys, Helsinki.
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This page has been updated 24.05.2021