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Welcome
Themes
Introduction to forest-based bioeconomy
Wood products
Natural fibre products
Man-made bio-based fibre products
Bio-based nanomaterials
Recycled fibre
Pulping and biorefining
Energy and biofuels
Biomass chemistry and physiology
Material testing and product properties
Forests and other biomass resources
Supply chain
Process control and automation
Asset management
Business and investment planning
Environmental control and management
Learning paths
Learning path A
Learning path B
Other resources
Papermaking Science and Technology books
Podcasts
Webinars
Tools
How to use
Dictionary
Glossary
Learning assesment
Contact
Contact us
Contributors
Profile
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Search
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Exact matches only
Generic filters
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Sulphuric acid production out of CNCG
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Authors & references
Author:
Lauri Pehu-Lehtonen, ANDRITZ Oy
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This page has been updated 25.02.2025
Content
Pulping and biorefining
General approach and principles
Extraction-based methods
Separation of valuable extractives from trees
Choosing the right solvent β hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Stemwood extractives-based products
Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
Exudate gums and latexes
π Theme Quiz 1
Hot-water extraction
Wood extractives β general description
Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
Chemical changes in extractives during storage
Bark extractives β terpenes and terpenoids
Bark extractives β polyphenols and other minor compounds
Use of deep eutectic solvents
π Theme Quiz 2
Chemical and biochemical conversion
Acid-catalysed hydrolysis with mineral acids
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis with organic acids
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Utilisation of carbohydrates in hydrolysates
Basic chemicals by fermentation
Basic chemicals by common chemical methods
Anaerobic digestion
π Theme Quiz 3
Thermochemical conversion
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis reactions- Cellulose
Pyrolysis reactions- Hemicelluloses
Pyrolysis reactions – Lignin
Pyrolysis reactions – Extractives
Product composition and properties
Production technologies β pyrolysis
π Theme Quiz 4
Gasification
Products from syngas
Production technologies β Gasification
Liquefaction
Production of bioenergy
π Theme Quiz 5
Kraft pulping
Wood material handling systems
Incoming wood handling
Debarking
Bark handling
Chipping
Chip screening
Chip storage
Chip transport
Water handling
π Theme Quiz 6
Pulping process-general approach
Pulping technologies
Batch cooking
Displacement batch cooking β process description
Displacement batch cooking β technical realisation
Developments in batch cooking technology
π Theme Quiz 7
Continuous cooking
Continuous cooking β technical realisation
Modified continuous cooking
Examples of further developments
Reactions of wood constituents
Lignin reactions β kraft pulping
Carbohydrate reactions β Kraft pulping
π Theme Quiz 8
Washing, screening and cleaning of pulp
Washing principles
Mass transfer in washing
Washing efficiency
π Theme Quiz 9
Washing technology
Pressure diffuser
Atmospheric diffuser
Wash presses
Pressure filters
Vacuum filters
Belt washer
π Theme Quiz 10
Washing systems
Screening
Screening operations
Screening systems
Cleaning technology
π Theme Quiz 11
Drying of chemical pulps
Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
Black liquor-properties
Evaporation
Fractionation of black liquor β lignin
Fractionation of black liquor β aliphatic carboxylic acids
π Theme Quiz 12
Tall oil-based products
Methanol purification
Sulphuric acid production out of CNCG
Turpentine-based products
Integrated biorefinery concepts
Acidic pretreatments prior to delignification
Alkaline pretreatments prior to delignification
Delignification phase
π Theme Quiz 13
Oxygen-alkali delignification
Chemistry of oxygen
Reactions of lignin β oxygen-alkali delignification
Reactions of carbohydrates β oxygen-alkali delignification
Reactions of extractives β oxygen-alkali delignification
Composition of effluents β oxygen-alkali delignification
Process configurations β oxygen-alkali delignification
π Theme Quiz 14
Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
Principles and definitions β bleaching
Manufacturing of bleaching chemicals
Metal management in pulping and bleaching
Enzymes in pulp bleaching
π Theme Quiz 15
Dispersants
Reactions of lignin β bleaching
Reactions of carbohydrates β bleaching
Reactions of extractives β bleaching
Process configurations β bleaching
π Theme Quiz 16
Other delignification methods
Acid sulphite pulping
Reactions of lignin β acid sulphite pulping
Reactions of carbohydratesβacid sulphite pulping
Spent liquors
Neutral and alkaline sulphite pulping
Organosolv pulping
Soda pulping
π Theme Quiz 17
Chemimechanical pulping
Chemical stage β CMP
Mechanical stage β CMP
Process design and operation β CMP
Special processes β CMP
π Theme Quiz 18
Mechanical pulping
Thermomechanical pulping
General process description β TMP
Refiners β TMP
Refiner segments and design -TMP
Main process types β TMP
Refiner type and process conditions
Process control β TMP
Fundamental mechanisms β TMP
π Theme Quiz 19
Groundwood and pressure groudwood pulping
Stone groundwood pulping (SGW)
Pressure groundwood pulping (PGW)
Thermo groundwood pulping (TGW)
Grindstones
Process control β grinding
Fundamental mechanisms β Grinding
Physical parameters affecting grinding
π Theme Quiz 20
Lignin-preserving or lignin-retaining bleaching
Peroxide
Dithionite
Bleach plant design and operation
Brightness reversion
π Theme Quiz 21
Pulp characterisation and properties
Chemical pulps
Mechanical pulps
π Theme Quiz 22
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