Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Mechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Tall oil-based products During kraft pulping, extractives-based fats and waxes in the wood feedstock are saponified and converted into the sodium salts of fatty and resin acids.1 These sodium salts are removed as the main components of CTO soap during the evaporation process of the black liquor by skimming and are liberated by adding sulphuric acid
Authors & references
Author:
Hanna Brännström and Eelis Halmemies, Luke (Natural Resources Institute of Finland)
References:
- Alén, R. 2000. Basic chemistry of wood delignification. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet Oy, Helsinki, Finland. P. 59.
- Peters, D. and Stojcheva, V. 2017. Crude tall oil low ILUC risk assessment, comparing global supply and demand. Retrieved from https://www.upmbiofuels.com/siteassets/documents/other-publications/ecofys-crude-tall-oil-low-iluc-risk-assessment-report.pdf. Ecofys Netherlands B.V.
- Rajendran, V., Breitkreuz, K., Kraft, A., Maga, D. and Brucart, M. 2016. Analysis of the European crude tall oil industry — Environmental impact, socio-economic value & downstream potential. Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Oberhausen, Germany.Retrieved from https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.pinechemicals.org/resource/resmgr/Studies/EU_CTO_ Added_Value_Study_Fin.pdf.
- Höfer, R. 2015. The pine biorefinery platform chemicals value chain. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 127–155.
- Gullichsen, J. and Lindeberg, H. 2000. Byproducts of chemical pulping. In: Gullichsen, J. (Ed.). Chemical Pulping. Fapet Oy, Helsinki, Finland. P. B375.
- Phun, L., Snead, D., Hurd, P. and Jing, F. 2017. Industrial applications of pine-chemical-based materials. In: Tang, C. and Ryu, C. Y. (Eds.). Sustainable Polymers from Biomass. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 151–180.
- Alén, R. 2015. Pulp mills and wood-based biorefineries. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 91–126.
- Anon. 2016. Global impact of the modern pine chemical industry. Retrieved from https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.pinechemicals.org/resource/resmgr/Studies/PCA-_Global_Impact_of_the_Mo.pdf . Pine Chemical Association.
- Wang, B. 2018. Tall oil, its chemistries and applications. Inform, 29(1): 26-30.
- Silvestre, A. J. and Gandini, A. 2008. Rosin, major sources, properties and applications. In: Belgacem, M. N. and Gandini, A. (Eds.). Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 67–88.
- Anon. 2019. GUANGDONG LUSH FOREST CHEMICALS CO., LTD. – product chain. http://www.pine-chem.com/page/html/culture.php. Accessed 07/05, 2019.
- Anon. 2019. Progres®, suomen rehu. http://www.suomenrehu.fi/en/products/progres/. Accessed 06/15, 2019.
- Anon. 2019. Forchem – Distilled tall oil (DTO). https://www.forchem.com/tall_oil_products/distilled_tall_oil_(dto). Accessed 06/17, 2019.
- Holmbom, B. 2011. Extraction and utilization of non-structural wood and bark components. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 178–224.
Videos
Exercises
This page has been updated 19.05.2021