Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Mechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Choosing the right solvent − hydrophobic or hydrophilic? There are several factors to consider when choosing solvent(s) for the extraction of desired compounds. Key factors to consider are the cost, safety, solubility and selectivity of solvents. When considering selectivity, solvents and solutes of equal polarity tend to be intermiscible; in other words, “like dissolves like”.
Authors & references
Authors:
Hanna Brännström and Eelis Halmemies, Luke (Natural Resources Institute Finland)
References
- Zhang, Q., Lin, L. and Ye, W. 2018. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chinese Medicine 13(1):20.
- Seidel, V. 2012. Initial and bulk extraction of natural products isolation. In: Sarker, S. and Nahar, L. (Eds.). Natural Products Isolation. Methods in Molecular Biology (Methods and Protocols). Vol 864. Humana Press. Totowa, NJ, USA. Pp. 27–41.
- De Monte, C., Carradori, S., Granese, A., Di Pierro, G. B., Leonardo, C. and De Nunzio, C. 2014. Modern extraction techniques and their impact on the pharmacological profile of serenoa repens extracts for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. BMC Urology 14(1):63.
- Holmbom, B. 1999. Extractives. In: Sjöström, E. and Alén, R. (Eds.). Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping and Papermaking. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany. Pp. 125–148.
- Bart, H. 2011. Extraction of natural products from plants – an introduction. In: Bart, H. and Pilz, S. (Eds.). Industrial Scale Natural Products Extraction. Wiley‐VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 1–25.
- Esclapez, M., García-Pérez, J. V., Mulet, A. and Cárcel, J. 2011. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural products. Food Engineering Reviews 3(2):108–120.
- Passos, H., Freire, M. G. and Coutinho, J. A. 2014. Ionic liquid solutions as extractive solvents for value-added compounds from biomass. Green Chemistry, 16(12):4786-4815.
- Tang, B., Zhang, H. and Row, K. H. 2015. Application of deep eutectic solvents in the extraction and separation of target compounds from various samples. Journal of Separation Science 38(6):1053–1064.
Videos
Exercises
This page has been updated 05.05.2021