Lignin reactions – kraft pulping

Authors & references

Author:
Raimo Alén, University of Jyväskylä

References:

1. Vroom, K. 1957. The “H” factor: a means of expressing cooking times and temperatures as a single variable. Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada 58:228−231.
2. Alén, R. 2000. Basic chemistry of wood delignification. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 58−104.
3. Kleppe, P. J. 1970. Kraft pulping. Tappi 53(1):35−47.
4. Grace, T. M., Leopold, B., Malcolm, E. W. and Kocurek, M. J. (Eds.). 1989. Pulp and Paper Manufacture, Volume 5, Alkaline Pulping. 3^rd edition. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, TAPPI&CPPA, USA and Canada. Pp. 23−44.
5. Sjöström, E. 1993. Wood Chemistry − Fundamentals and Applications. 2^nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. Pp. 140−161.
6. Gierer, J. 1970. The reactions of lignin during pulping. A description and comparison of conventional pulping processes. Svensk Papperstidning 73:571−596.
7. Gierer, J. 1982. The chemistry of delignification. A general concept. Part I. Holzforschung 36:43−51.
8. Gierer, J. 1982. The chemistry of delignification. A general concept. Part II. Holzforschung 36:55−64.
9. Alén, R. and Vikkula, A. 1989. Formation of lignin monomers during kraft pulping of birch wood. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 23:579−583.
10. Alén, R. and Vikkula, A. 1989. Formation of lignin monomers during alkaline delignification of softwood. Holzforschung 43(6):397−400.
11. Niemelä, K. and Alén, R. 1999. Characterization of pulping liquors. In: Sjöström, E. and Alén, R. (Eds.). Analytical Methods in Wood Chemistry, Pulping, and Papermaking. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. Pp. 193−231.
12. Pakkanen, H. and Alén, R. 2012. Molecular mass distribution of lignin from alkaline pulping of hardwood, softwood, and wheat straw. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 32:279−293.