Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents (DES)
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Mechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Authors & references
Authors:
Hanna Brännström and Eelis Halmemies, Luke (Natural Resources Institute Finland)
References:
1. Alén, R. 2000. Basic chemistry of wood delignification. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet Oy, Helsinki, Finland. P. 59.
2. Alén, R. 2015. Pulp mills and wood-based biorefineries. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 91–126.
3. Baumassy, M. 2014. The tall oil industry: 100 years of innovation. 2014 PCA International Conference, September 21–23, Seattle, USA.
4. Holmbom, B. 2011. Extraction and utilization of non-structural wood and bark components. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 178–224.
5. Höfer, R. 2015. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 127–155.
6. da Silva Rodrigues-Corrêa, K. C., de Lima, J. C. and Fett-Neto, A. G. 2013. Oleoresins from pine: production and industrial uses. In: Ramawat, K. P. and Mérillon, J.-M. (Eds.). Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany and Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. Pp. 4037–4060.
7. Anon. 2016. Pine Chemical Association. Global impact of the modern pine chemical industry. Retrieved from https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.pinechemicals.org/resource/resmgr/Studies/PCA-Global_Impact_of_the_Mo.pdf.
8. Silvestre, A. J. and Gandini, A. 2008. Terpenes: major sources, properties and applications. In: Belgacem, M. N. and Gandini, A. (Eds.). Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 17–38.
9. Phun, L., Snead, D., Hurd, P. and Jing, F. 2017. Industrial applications of pine-chemical-based materials. In: Tang, C. and Ryu, C. Y. (Eds.). Sustainable Polymers from Biomass. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Pp. 151–180.