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- Introduction to forest-based bioeconomy
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- Pulping and biorefining
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Reactions of wood constituents
After reading this article you will..
- be able to outline a typical material balance of wood organics in the kraft process for bleached pulp
- be able to recognise the main reactions and phenomena taken place in the wood constituents during kraft pulping
Pulping and biorefining
- General approach and principles
- Extraction-based methods
- Separation of valuable extractives from trees
- Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
- Stemwood extractives-based products
- Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
- Exudate gums and latexes
- Hot-water extraction
- Wood extractives – general description
- Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
- Chemical changes in extractives during storage
- Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
- Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
- Use of deep eutectic solvents
- Chemical and biochemical conversion
- Thermochemical conversion
- Kraft pulping
- Wood material handling systems
- Pulping process-general approach
- Pulping technologies
- Drying of chemical pulps
- Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
- Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
- Integrated biorefinery concepts
- Oxygen-alkali delignification
- Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
- Other delignification methods
- Chemimechanical pulping
- Mechanical pulping
- Pulp characterisation and properties
Authors & references
Author:
Raimo Alén
References:
- Rydholm, S. 1965. Pulping Processes. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 576−649.
- Grace, T. M., Leopold, B., Malcolm, E. W. and Kocurek, M. J. (Eds.). 1989. Pulp and Paper Manufacture, Volume 5, Alkaline Pulping. 3rd edition. The Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry, TAPPI&CPPA, USA and Canada. Pp. 23−44.
- Sjöström, E. 1993. Wood Chemistry − Fundamentals and Applications. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. Pp. 140−161.
- Biermann, C. J. 1996. Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. 86−91.
- Alén, R. 2000. Basic chemistry of wood delignification. In: Stenius, P. (Ed.). Forest Products Chemistry. Fapet, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 58−104.
- Alén, R. 2011. Principles of biorefining. In: Alén, R. (Ed.). Biorefining of Forest Resources. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 55−114.
- Alén, R. 2015. Pulp mills and wood-based biorefineries. In: Pandey, A., Höfer, R., Taherzadeh, M., Nampoothiri, K. M. and Larroche, C. (Eds.). Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 91−126.
- Smook, G. 2016. Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists. 4th edition. Tappi Press Atlanta, GA, USA. Pp. 74−83.
- Alén, R. 2018. Carbohydrate Chemistry – Fundamentals and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore. Pp. 474−483.
- Aurell, R. and Hartler, N. 1965. Kraft pulping of pine. Part 1. Svensk Papperstidning 68(3):59−68.
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This page has been updated 11.05.2021