Structure of a tree -Bark, leaves and needles, roots

Authors & references

Author:

Seppo Kellomäki (Professor Emeritus, University of Eastern Finland) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Kellomäki, S. 2009. Trees, forests and forest ecosystems. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2^nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp.  16-96”. 

References:

1. Kramer, P.J., and Kozlowski, T.T. 1979. Physiology of woody plants. Academic Press. New York/San Francisco/London. 811 p.