Bark in trees and raw material

Authors & references

Author:

Erkki Verkasalo (Research Professor, LUKE) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Hakkila, P and Verkasalo, E. 2009.  Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2^nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp.  133-215”. 

References:

1. Koch, P. 1972. Utilization of the southern pines. Volume 1: the raw material. Agriculture Handbook 420. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, pp. 87–94, 470–495.
2. Panshin, A. J., de Zeeuw, C. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 62, 105, 107, 163, 243. ISBN 0-07-048441-4.
3. Hakkila, P., Repola, J., Kalaja, H. 2008. Suomalainen havukuitupuu. Finnish pulpwood from softwoods. Unpublished manuscript at the Finnish Forest Research Institute. 86 p.
4. Norin, T., Fremer, K.E. 1977. Kuoren rakenne ja kemiallinen koostumus Anatomic structure and chemical composition of wood bark. In: Jensen, W. (ed.). Puukemia I Wood Chemistry I, pp. 83–96. ISBN 951-99-1172-3.
5. Anon. 1977. Projekt helträdsutnyttjande. Helträdsutnyttjande inom massaindustrin. Slutrapport från projektgrupp massa. Project Whole-tree utilisation, whole tree utilisation in the pulp industry. Final report from project group “Pulp”. Stockholm. 64 p.