Softwood cells

Authors & references

Author:

Erkki Verkasalo, Research Professor, LUKE, has modified and updated the text from the reference “Hakkila, P and Verkasalo, E. 2009.  Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2^nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp.  133-215”. 

References:

1. Ranua, J. 1999. Haavan käyttö paperin raaka-aineena Use of aspen wood as a raw material for paper. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research papers 725, pp. 101–106. ISBN 951-40-1671-8. ISSN 0358-4283.
2. Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, M.-S. 1995. Fiber Atlas. Identification of papermaking fibers, Springer Series in Wood Science, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, pp. 15, 18, 22, 28. ISBN 3-540-553924. ISBN 9-783-54055-3922.