Forests and other biomass resources
- Introduction to biomass resources
- Trees, forest and forest ecosystems
- Global forest resources
- Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass
- Forest inventory and planning
- Management of forest ecosystems
- Forest production in ecological context
- Regeneration through natural seeding
- Regeneration through planting
- Genetic improvement of trees for forest plantations
- Management of growing and developing forest over time
- Spacing and thinning affecting availability of resources
- Thinning regimes and rules
- Management of sequestrate carbon and adaptation to climate change
- Management for improving timber quality
- Management of nutrient resources and site fertility
- Management of abiotic risks
- Management of biotic risks
- Characteristics of pest outbreaks
- Resistance mechanism of trees against herbivores and pathogens
- Induced defence
- Models explaining variation in chemical defence between plants
- Biological control in pest management
- Effects of forest management and structure on forest pests
- Climate change and forest damaged related to pests and herbivory
- Management of forests for sequetration carbon in carbon mitigating warming
- Carbon stocks in trees and soil
- Carbon balance in managed forests
- Carbon retentation in forest ecosystems and forest-based prodcution
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in forestry and forest-based production
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in management
- * Radiative forcing related to carbon in ecosystem
- * Impacts of replacing fossil fuels and fossil materials on radiative forcing
- Management for adaptation to climate change
- Timber procurement
- Timber assortments
- Harvest and timber transport
- Harvesting woody biomass for energy
- Opening forest areas for logging by consturcting roads
- Storing timber
- Organising and planning harvesting operations
- Harvesting in industrial plantations
- Damage to timber
- Environmental impacts of timber harvesting
- Timber trade
- Timber measurement
- Wood markets and cost of wood
- Global forest related policies and governance
Risks of wind damage The susceptibility of trees and forests to wind damage is controlled by the properties of the winds (velocity, duration and gustiness) and by the forest structure, as defined by tree species, tree height and diameter, crown area, rooting depth and width, stand density, and the type of soil type and topography
Authors & references
Authors:
Seppo Kellomäki, Pekka Niemelä, Heli Peltola, Veikko Koski and Pertti Pulkkinen
References:
- Peltola, H., and Kellomäki, S. 1993. A mechanistic model to calculate windthrow and stem breakage of Scots pies at stand edge. Tiivistelmä: Malli mäntyihin tuulesta kohdistuvien murtavien ja kaatavien voimien laskemiseksi. Silva Fennica 27:99–111.
- Peltola, H., Nykänen, M.-L., and Kellomäki, S. 1997. Model computations on the critical combination of snow loading and windspeed for snow damage of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch sp. at stand edge. Forest Ecology and Management 95:229–241.
- Peltola, H. University of Eastern Finland, School of Forest Sciences. Unpublished data.
- Peltola, H., Kellomäki, S., Väisänen, H., and Ikonen, V.-P. 1999. A mechanistic model for assessing the risk of wind and snow damage to single trees and stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29:647–661.
- Zeng, H., Peltola, H., Talkkari, A., Strandman, H., Venäläinen, A., Wang, K., and Kellomäki, S. 2006. Simulations of the influence of clear-cuttings on the risk of wind damage on a regional scale over a 20-year period. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36:2247–2258.
- Zeng, H., Pukkala, T., Peltola, H., and Kellomäki, S. 2007. Application of ant colony optimization for the risk management of wind damage in forest planning. Silva Fennica 41(2): 315–332.
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This page has been updated 16.07.2022