Macroscopy and formation of wood

Authors & references

Author:

Erkki Verkasalo (Research Professor, LUKE) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Hakkila, P and Verkasalo, E. 2009.  Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2^nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp.  133-215”. 

References:

1. Mork, E. 1928. Die Qualität des Fichtenholzes unter besonderer Rücksichtnahme auf Schleif- und Papierholz. The quality of spruce wood with a special consideration of groundwood and paperwood. Papier Fabrikant 26, No 48: 741–747.
2. Panshin, A. J., de Zeeuw, C. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 62, 105, 107, 163, 243. ISBN 0-07-048441-4.
3. Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, M.-S. 1995. Fiber Atlas. Identification of papermaking fibers, Springer Series in Wood Science, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, pp. 15, 18, 22, 28. ISBN 3-540-553924. ISBN 9-783-54055-3922.
4. Bailey, I. W. 1919. Phenomena of cell division in the cambium of arborescent gymnosperms and their cytological significance. Proceedings of National Academic Sciences of U.S.A. 5: 283–285.