Dynamics of forest ecosystem in interaction between trees and environment

Authors & references

Author:

Seppo Kellomäki (Professor Emeritus, University of Eastern Finland) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Kellomäki, S. 2009. Trees, forests and forest ecosystems. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2^nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp.  49–51”. 

References:

1. Tansley, A.G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16: 284–307.
2. Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. 3rd edn. Toronto. W. B. Saunders Co. 574 p.
3. Kellomäki, S., and Väisänen, H. 1997. Modelling the dynamics of the boreal forest ecosystems for climate change studies in the boreal conditions. Ecological Modelling 97(1,2): 121–140.