Heartwood

Authors & references

Author:

Erkki Verkasalo (Research Professor, LUKE) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Hakkila, P and Verkasalo, E. 2009.  Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2^nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp.  133-215”. 

References:

1. Koch, P. 1972. Utilization of the southern pines. Volume 1: the raw material. Agriculture Handbook 420. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, pp. 87–94, 470–495.
2. Hillis, W. E. 1987. Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-Tokyo. 268 p. ISBN 0-387-17593-8.
3. Koch, P. 1996. Lodgepole pine in North America. Volume 2: Part III: Characterization of tree parts. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI, pp. 512–532. ISBN 0-935018-78-6.
4. Hakkila, P. 1968. Geographical variation of some properties of pine and spruce pulpwood in Finland. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 66(8): 1–60. ISSN 0026-1610.