Forests and other biomass resources
- Introduction to biomass resources
- Trees, forest and forest ecosystems
- Global forest resources
- Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass
- Forest inventory and planning
- Management of forest ecosystems
- Forest production in ecological context
- Regeneration through natural seeding
- Regeneration through planting
- Genetic improvement of trees for forest plantations
- Management of growing and developing forest over time
- Spacing and thinning affecting availability of resources
- Thinning regimes and rules
- Management of sequestrate carbon and adaptation to climate change
- Management for improving timber quality
- Management of nutrient resources and site fertility
- Management of abiotic risks
- Management of biotic risks
- Characteristics of pest outbreaks
- Resistance mechanism of trees against herbivores and pathogens
- Induced defence
- Models explaining variation in chemical defence between plants
- Biological control in pest management
- Effects of forest management and structure on forest pests
- Climate change and forest damaged related to pests and herbivory
- Management of forests for sequetration carbon in carbon mitigating warming
- Carbon stocks in trees and soil
- Carbon balance in managed forests
- Carbon retentation in forest ecosystems and forest-based prodcution
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in forestry and forest-based production
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in management
- * Radiative forcing related to carbon in ecosystem
- * Impacts of replacing fossil fuels and fossil materials on radiative forcing
- Management for adaptation to climate change
- Timber procurement
- Timber assortments
- Harvest and timber transport
- Harvesting woody biomass for energy
- Opening forest areas for logging by consturcting roads
- Storing timber
- Organising and planning harvesting operations
- Harvesting in industrial plantations
- Damage to timber
- Environmental impacts of timber harvesting
- Timber trade
- Timber measurement
- Wood markets and cost of wood
- Global forest related policies and governance
Chemical composition of wood The woody biomass has three principal elements: carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H). Approximately 50 % of the dry mass of wood is carbon, more than 40 % is oxygen, and 6 % is hydrogen. Small, variable amounts of nitrogen (N) and mineral elements or ash are also present. The
Authors & references
Author:
Erkki Verkasalo (Research Professor, LUKE) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Hakkila, P and Verkasalo, E. 2009. Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp. 133-215”.
References:
- Fengel, D., Grosser, D. 1975. Chemische Zusammensetzung von Nadel- und Laubhölzern Chemical composition of coniferous and deciduous tree species. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 33: 32–34. ISSN 0018-3768.
- Sjöström, E. 1993. Wood chemistry. Fundamentals and applications, Second Edition. Academic Press, New York, pp. 114–161. ISBN 0-12-647480-X.
- Kininmoth, J.A., Whitehouse, L.J. (eds.). 1991. Properties and uses of New Zealand radiate pine. Volume one — Wood properties. New Zealand Ministry of Forestry, Forest Research Institute. Rotorua, New Zealand. ISBN 0-47301181-6.
- Willför, S., Sundberg, A., Pranovich, A., Holmbom, B. 2005. Polysaccharides in some industrially important hardwood species. Wood Science and Technology (2005) 39: 601–617. ISSN 0043-7719.
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This page has been updated 04.07.2022