Forests and other biomass resources
- Introduction to biomass resources
- Trees, forest and forest ecosystems
- Global forest resources
- Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass
- Forest inventory and planning
- Management of forest ecosystems
- Forest production in ecological context
- Regeneration through natural seeding
- Regeneration through planting
- Genetic improvement of trees for forest plantations
- Management of growing and developing forest over time
- Spacing and thinning affecting availability of resources
- Thinning regimes and rules
- Management of sequestrate carbon and adaptation to climate change
- Management for improving timber quality
- Management of nutrient resources and site fertility
- Management of abiotic risks
- Management of biotic risks
- Characteristics of pest outbreaks
- Resistance mechanism of trees against herbivores and pathogens
- Induced defence
- Models explaining variation in chemical defence between plants
- Biological control in pest management
- Effects of forest management and structure on forest pests
- Climate change and forest damaged related to pests and herbivory
- Management of forests for sequetration carbon in carbon mitigating warming
- Carbon stocks in trees and soil
- Carbon balance in managed forests
- Carbon retentation in forest ecosystems and forest-based prodcution
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in forestry and forest-based production
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in management
- * Radiative forcing related to carbon in ecosystem
- * Impacts of replacing fossil fuels and fossil materials on radiative forcing
- Management for adaptation to climate change
- Timber procurement
- Timber assortments
- Harvest and timber transport
- Harvesting woody biomass for energy
- Opening forest areas for logging by consturcting roads
- Storing timber
- Organising and planning harvesting operations
- Harvesting in industrial plantations
- Damage to timber
- Environmental impacts of timber harvesting
- Timber trade
- Timber measurement
- Wood markets and cost of wood
- Global forest related policies and governance
Risk of snow damage Snow loading may reduce the critical wind speed if snow is not dislodged by wind. Whenever there is a snowfall with excessive wet snow under a moderate wind speed (< 9 m s-1), trees will tend to turn and break (Figure 1). The accumulation of snow on tree crowns will be
Authors & references
Author:
Seppo Kellomäki, Pekka Niemelä, Heli Peltola, Veikko Koski and Pertti Pulkkinen
References:
- Päätalo, M.-L., Peltola, H., and Kellomäki, S. 1999. Modelling the risk of snow damage to forests under short-term snow loading. Forest Ecology and management 116:51–70.
- Nykänen, M-L., Peltola, H. Quine C. P., Kellomäki, S., and Broadgate, M. 1997. Factors affecting snow damage of trees with particular reference to European conditions. Silva Fennica 31:193–213.
- Venäläinen, A., Tuomenvirta, H., Heikinheimo, M., Kellomäki, S., Peltola, H., Strandman, H., and Väisänen, H. 2001. Impact of climate change on soil frost under snow cover in a forested landscape. Climate Research 17: 63–72.
- Kilpeläinen, A., Gregow, H., Strandman, H., Kellomäki, S., Venäläinen, A., and Peltola, H. 2009. Impacts of climate change on the risk by snow-induced forest damage in Finland. Climatic Change 99(1–2):193–209.
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This page has been updated 17.07.2022