Forests and other biomass resources
- Introduction to biomass resources
- Trees, forest and forest ecosystems
- Global forest resources
- Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass
- Forest inventory and planning
- Management of forest ecosystems
- Forest production in ecological context
- Regeneration through natural seeding
- Regeneration through planting
- Genetic improvement of trees for forest plantations
- Management of growing and developing forest over time
- Spacing and thinning affecting availability of resources
- Thinning regimes and rules
- Management of sequestrate carbon and adaptation to climate change
- Management for improving timber quality
- Management of nutrient resources and site fertility
- Management of abiotic risks
- Management of biotic risks
- Characteristics of pest outbreaks
- Resistance mechanism of trees against herbivores and pathogens
- Induced defence
- Models explaining variation in chemical defence between plants
- Biological control in pest management
- Effects of forest management and structure on forest pests
- Climate change and forest damaged related to pests and herbivory
- Management of forests for sequetration carbon in carbon mitigating warming
- Carbon stocks in trees and soil
- Carbon balance in managed forests
- Carbon retentation in forest ecosystems and forest-based prodcution
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in forestry and forest-based production
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in management
- * Radiative forcing related to carbon in ecosystem
- * Impacts of replacing fossil fuels and fossil materials on radiative forcing
- Management for adaptation to climate change
- Timber procurement
- Timber assortments
- Harvest and timber transport
- Harvesting woody biomass for energy
- Opening forest areas for logging by consturcting roads
- Storing timber
- Organising and planning harvesting operations
- Harvesting in industrial plantations
- Damage to timber
- Environmental impacts of timber harvesting
- Timber trade
- Timber measurement
- Wood markets and cost of wood
- Global forest related policies and governance
Functioning of a tree In the boreal and temperate zones, the functioning of trees follows the life cycle. Regardless of the phase of life cycle, trees annually undergo the cycles of summer (high temperature) and winter (low temperature), representing active and dormant periods (Figure 1). In this context, the life cycle represents the course of
Authors & references
Author:
Seppo Kellomäki (Professor Emeritus, University of Eastern Finland) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Kellomäki, S. 2009. Trees, forests and forest ecosystems. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp. 16-96”.
References:
- Wilson, B. F. 1970. The growing tree. Amherst. The University of Massachusetts Press. Amherst. 152 p.
- Weier, T.E., Stocking, C.R., and Barbour, M.G. 1974. Botany: an introduction to plant biology. John Wiley & Sons. New York/London/Sidney/Toronto. Fifth Edition. 692 p.
- Sarvas, R. 1964. Havupuut. Helsinki. Werner Söderström Oy. 518 p.
- Taiz, L., and Zieger, E. 1991. Plant Physiology. Redwood City. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc. 565 p.
- Hall, D. O., and Rao, K. K. 1994. Photosynthesis. 5th edn. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 211 p. ISBN 0-521-43622-2.
- Kellomäki, S., and Wang, K. 1997. Effects of long-term CO2 and temperature elevation on crown nitrogen distribution and daily photosynthetic performance of Scots pine. Forest Ecology and Management 99: 309–326.
- Kellomäki, S. 2017. Managing boreal forests in the context of climate change. Impacts, adaptation and climate change mitigating. CRC Press. A Sciences Publishers Book. Boca Raton/London/New York. 357 p.
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This page has been updated 04.07.2022