Long term dynamics and succession of forest ecosystem

Authors & references

Author:

Seppo Kellomäki (Professor Emeritus, University of Eastern Finland) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Kellomäki, S. 2009. Trees, forests and forest ecosystems. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2^nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp.  16-96”. 

References:

1. Reed, K.L., and Clark, S.G. 1976. SUCcession SIMulator: a coniferous forest simulator. University of Washington. Biome Bulletin 11: 1–96.
2. Tansley, A.G. 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 16: 284–307.
3. Mälkönen, E. 1974. Annual primary production and nutrient cycle in some Scots pine stands. Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae 84(5): 1–87.
4. Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. 3rd edn. Toronto. W. B. Saunders Co. 574 p.