Hardwood cells

Authors & references

Author:

Erkki Verkasalo (Research Professor, LUKE) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Hakkila, P and Verkasalo, E. 2009.  Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2^nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp.  133-215”. 

References:

1. Panshin, A. J., de Zeeuw, C. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 62, 105, 107, 163, 243. ISBN 0-07-048441-4.
2. Ranua, J. 1999. Haavan käyttö paperin raaka-aineena Use of aspen wood as a raw material for paper. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research papers 725, pp. 101–106. ISBN 951-40-1671-8. ISSN 0358-4283.
3. Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, M.-S. 1995. Fiber Atlas. Identification of papermaking fibers, Springer Series in Wood Science, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, pp. 15, 18, 22, 28. ISBN 3-540-553924. ISBN 9-783-54055-3922.
4. Pettersen, R. C. 1984. The chemical composition of wood. Chapter 2 in: Rowell, R. M. (ed.). The chemistry of solid wood. American Chemistry Society, Advances in Chemistry Series, Volume 207. Washington. 614 p. ISBN 0-841-20796-8.
5. Patt, R., Kordsachia, O, Fehr, J. 2006. European hardwoods versus Eucalyptus globulus as a raw material for pulping. Wood Science and Technology (2006) 40: 39–48. ISSN 0043-7719.
6. Bustamante Ezpeleta, L., Serfaty Simon, J. L. 1970. Atlas de fibras para pasta de celulosa. II parte, volumen primero. Ministerio de Agricultura, Madrid, 107 p.
7. Hillis, W. E. 1987. Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-Tokyo. 268 p. ISBN 0-387-17593-8.