Forests and other biomass resources
- Introduction to biomass resources
- Trees, forest and forest ecosystems
- Global forest resources
- Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass
- Forest inventory and planning
- Management of forest ecosystems
- Forest production in ecological context
- Regeneration through natural seeding
- Regeneration through planting
- Genetic improvement of trees for forest plantations
- Management of growing and developing forest over time
- Spacing and thinning affecting availability of resources
- Thinning regimes and rules
- Management of sequestrate carbon and adaptation to climate change
- Management for improving timber quality
- Management of nutrient resources and site fertility
- Management of abiotic risks
- Management of biotic risks
- Characteristics of pest outbreaks
- Resistance mechanism of trees against herbivores and pathogens
- Induced defence
- Models explaining variation in chemical defence between plants
- Biological control in pest management
- Effects of forest management and structure on forest pests
- Climate change and forest damaged related to pests and herbivory
- Management of forests for sequetration carbon in carbon mitigating warming
- Carbon stocks in trees and soil
- Carbon balance in managed forests
- Carbon retentation in forest ecosystems and forest-based prodcution
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in forestry and forest-based production
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in management
- * Radiative forcing related to carbon in ecosystem
- * Impacts of replacing fossil fuels and fossil materials on radiative forcing
- Management for adaptation to climate change
- Timber procurement
- Timber assortments
- Harvest and timber transport
- Harvesting woody biomass for energy
- Opening forest areas for logging by consturcting roads
- Storing timber
- Organising and planning harvesting operations
- Harvesting in industrial plantations
- Damage to timber
- Environmental impacts of timber harvesting
- Timber trade
- Timber measurement
- Wood markets and cost of wood
- Global forest related policies and governance
Hardwood cells Hardwoods have a more complex cell structure than softwoods. They contain several specialised types of cells in widely varying proportions. Specific characteristics of hardwoods are a lack of radial alignment of cells, variable size and composition of cells, abundance of rays, and the presence of pores or vessel elements. The four main cell
Authors & references
Author:
Erkki Verkasalo (Research Professor, LUKE) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Hakkila, P and Verkasalo, E. 2009. Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp. 133-215”.
References:
- Panshin, A. J., de Zeeuw, C. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 62, 105, 107, 163, 243. ISBN 0-07-048441-4.
- Ranua, J. 1999. Haavan käyttö paperin raaka-aineena Use of aspen wood as a raw material for paper. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research papers 725, pp. 101–106. ISBN 951-40-1671-8. ISSN 0358-4283.
- Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, M.-S. 1995. Fiber Atlas. Identification of papermaking fibers, Springer Series in Wood Science, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, pp. 15, 18, 22, 28. ISBN 3-540-553924. ISBN 9-783-54055-3922.
- Pettersen, R. C. 1984. The chemical composition of wood. Chapter 2 in: Rowell, R. M. (ed.). The chemistry of solid wood. American Chemistry Society, Advances in Chemistry Series, Volume 207. Washington. 614 p. ISBN 0-841-20796-8.
- Patt, R., Kordsachia, O, Fehr, J. 2006. European hardwoods versus Eucalyptus globulus as a raw material for pulping. Wood Science and Technology (2006) 40: 39–48. ISSN 0043-7719.
- Bustamante Ezpeleta, L., Serfaty Simon, J. L. 1970. Atlas de fibras para pasta de celulosa. II parte, volumen primero. Ministerio de Agricultura, Madrid, 107 p.
- Hillis, W. E. 1987. Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-Tokyo. 268 p. ISBN 0-387-17593-8.
Videos
Exercises
This page has been updated 04.07.2022