Forests and other biomass resources
- Introduction to biomass resources
- Trees, forest and forest ecosystems
- Global forest resources
- Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass
- Forest inventory and planning
- Management of forest ecosystems
- Forest production in ecological context
- Regeneration through natural seeding
- Regeneration through planting
- Genetic improvement of trees for forest plantations
- Management of growing and developing forest over time
- Spacing and thinning affecting availability of resources
- Thinning regimes and rules
- Management of sequestrate carbon and adaptation to climate change
- Management for improving timber quality
- Management of nutrient resources and site fertility
- Management of abiotic risks
- Management of biotic risks
- Characteristics of pest outbreaks
- Resistance mechanism of trees against herbivores and pathogens
- Induced defence
- Models explaining variation in chemical defence between plants
- Biological control in pest management
- Effects of forest management and structure on forest pests
- Climate change and forest damaged related to pests and herbivory
- Management of forests for sequetration carbon in carbon mitigating warming
- Carbon stocks in trees and soil
- Carbon balance in managed forests
- Carbon retentation in forest ecosystems and forest-based prodcution
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in forestry and forest-based production
- *Mitigating radiative forcing in management
- * Radiative forcing related to carbon in ecosystem
- * Impacts of replacing fossil fuels and fossil materials on radiative forcing
- Management for adaptation to climate change
- Timber procurement
- Timber assortments
- Harvest and timber transport
- Harvesting woody biomass for energy
- Opening forest areas for logging by consturcting roads
- Storing timber
- Organising and planning harvesting operations
- Harvesting in industrial plantations
- Damage to timber
- Environmental impacts of timber harvesting
- Timber trade
- Timber measurement
- Wood markets and cost of wood
- Global forest related policies and governance
Decay and accumulation of organic matter in soil In general, organic matter (litter, humus) in soil is related to the balance between carbon input in litter fall and carbon output in decay. Let X(t) refer to the amount of organic matter on soil per unit of area and time and ΔX to the change (increase/decrease)
Authors & references
Author:
Seppo Kellomäki, Professor Emeritus, University of Eastern Finland, has modified and updated the text from the reference “Kellomäki, S. 2009. Trees, forests and forest ecosystems. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resouces and Sustainable Management. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. Pp. 16-96”.
References:
- Olson, J. S. 1963. Energy storage and balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology 44(2): 322–231.
- Valachovic, Y. S., Caldwell, B. A., Cromack K. Jr, and Griffiths R. P. 2004. Leaf litter chemistry controls on decomposition of Pacific Northwest trees and shrubs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 2131–2147.
- Vávrová, P., Penttilä, T., and Laiho, R. 2009. Decomposition of Scots pine fine woody debris in boreal conditions: implementations for estimating carbon pools and fluxes. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 401–412.
- Laiho, R., and Prescott, C. E. 2004. Decay and nutrient dynamics of coarse woody debris in northern coniferous forests: synthesis. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 763–777.
- Russell, M.B., Woodall, C. W., Fraver, S., D’Amato, A. W., Domke, G. M., and Skog, K. E. 2014. Residence times and decay rates of downed woody debris biomass/carbon in eastern US forests. Ecosystems 17: 765–777.
- Krankina, O. N., and Harmon, M.E. 1995. Dynamics of the dead wood carbon pool in Northwestern Russian boreal forests. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 82: 227–238.
- Mäkinen, H., Hynynen, J., Siitonen, J., and Sievänen, R. 2006. Predicting the decomposition of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch stems in Finland. Ecological Applications 16(5): 1865–1879.
- Kellomäki, S., Strandman, H., Nuutinen, T., Peltola, H., Korhonen, K.T., and Väisänen, H. 2005. Adaptation of forest ecosystems, forests and forestry to climate change. FINADAPT Working Papers 4, Finnish Environmental Institute. Mimeographs 334: 1-44.
- Kimmins, J. P. 1987. Forest Ecology. New York. Macmillan Publishing Company. 531 p.
- Henttonen, H., Kanninen, M., Nygren, M., and Ojansuu, R. 1986. The maturation of Scots pine seeds in relation to temperature climate in Northern Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 1(2): 243–249.
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This page has been updated 27.03.2022