Erkki Verkasalo (Research Professor, LUKE) has modified and updated the text from the reference “Hakkila, P and Verkasalo, E. 2009. Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass. In: Kellomäki, S. (Ed.). Forest Resources and Sustainable Management. 2nd edition. Paper Engineers’ Association, Helsinki, Finland. pp. 133-215”.
References:
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Koch, P. 1985. Utilization of hardwoods growing on southern pine sites. Volume 1: the raw material. Agriculture Handbook 605. U.S. Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, pp. 400, 401, 435–450.
Hannus, K., Pensar, G. 1970. Extraktivämnen i barr Extractives in needles. Åbo Akademi, Institut för Träkemi, Cellulosateknik B44. 41 p.
Hillis, W. E. 1987. Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York-Tokyo. 268 p. ISBN 0-387-17593-8.
Hillis. W. E. (ed.). 1962. Wood extractives and their significance to the pulp and paper industries. Academic Press, New York. 513 p. ISBN 0-123-48750-1.
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Sjöström, E. 1993. Wood chemistry. Fundamentals and applications, Second Edition. Academic Press, New York, pp. 114–161. ISBN 0-12-647480-X.
