Characteristics of pest outbreaks

Authors & references

Authors:

Seppo Kellomäki, Pekka Niemelä, Heli Peltola, Veikko Koski and Pertti Pulkkinen

References:

1. Berryman, A. A. 1986. Forest Insects. Principles and Practice of Population Management. New York and London. Plenum Press, 279 p.
2. Tahvanainen, J., and Niemelä, P. 1987. Biogeographical and evolutionary aspects of insect herbivory. Annales Zoologici Fennici 24: 239–247.
3. Neuvonen, S., and Niemelä, P. 1983. Species richness and faunal similarity of arboreal insects. Oikos 40: 452–459.
4. Connor, E. F., Faeth, S. H., Simberloff, D., and Opler, P. A. 1980. Ecological Entomology 5:1–205.
5. Roques, A., Auger-Rozenberg, M-A., and Boivin, S. 2006. Alack of native congeners may limit colonization of introduced conifers by indigenous insects in Europe. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 299–313.
6. Shigesada, N., and Kawasaki, K. 1997. Biological Invasions: Theory and Practice. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 205 p.
7. Mattson, W., Vanhanen, H., Veteli, T. Sivonen, S., and Niemelä, P. 2007. Few immigrant phytophagous insects on woody plants in Europe: Legacy of the European crucible? Biological Invasions 9: 957–974.
8. Campbell, R.W., and Sloan, R.J. 1977. Forest stand responses to defoliation by the gypsy moth. Forest Science Monograph 19: 1–34.
9. Wainhouse, D. 2005. Ecological methods in Forest pest management. Oxford. Oxford University Press. 228 p.