Natural fibre products
- Printing and writing papers
- Paperboards
- Tissue
- Nonwovens
- Speciality papers
- Production of paper and board
- Stock and water systems
- Web forming
- Wet pressing
- Drying of natural fibre products
- Surface sizing
- Pigment coating
- Finishing
- Converting of paper and board
- Papermaking chemistry
- Paper physics
- Printing
Measurement of microorganisms Individual microbial cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye without any enrichment or apparatus. But when microorganisms are growing in high numbers, they can cause visible problems such as massive slime formation on paper machine frames or dark mold growth in raw materials. Also, high amounts of microbially produced
Authors & references
Authors:
Anu Mikkonen and Marko Kolari, Kemira Oyj
References:
- Corbel, G. 2005. Pulp & paper, p. 377–409. In: W Paulus (Ed), Directory of Microbicides for the Protection of Materials. A Handbook. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
- Maukonen, J., Mättö, J., Wirtanen, G., Raaska, L., Mattila-Sandholm, T. and Saarela, M. 2003. Methodologies for the characterization of microbes in industrial environments: a review. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 30:327–356.
- Toranzos, G., McFeters, G. and Borrego, J. 2002. Detection of Microorganisms in Environmental Freshwaters and Drinking Waters, p. 205–219. In: C Hurst (Ed.), Manual of environmental microbiology. 2nd Edition. ASM Press, Washington DC, USA.
- Kolari, M. 2003. Attachment mechanisms and properties of bacterial biofilms on non-living surfaces. Ph.D. thesis. Dissertationes Biocentri Viikki Universitatis Helsingiensis 12/2003, University of Helsinki, Finland. [Online ] Available: https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/20830 [Accessed 28th February 2020].
- Singhal, N., Kumar, M., Kanaujia, P.K., Virdi, J.S. 2015. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Frontiers in Microbiology 6:791.
- Sanschagrin, S., Yergeau, E. 2014. Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons. Journal of Visualized Experiments 90:e51709.
- Priha, O., Hallamaa, K., Saarela, M. and Raaska, L. 2004. Detection of Bacillus cereus group bacteria from cardboard and paper with real-time PCR. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 31:161–169.
- Ekman, J., Kosonen, M., Jokela, S., Kolari, M., Korhonen, P., and Salkinoja-Salonen, M. 2007. Detection and quantitation of colored deposit-forming Meiothermus spp. in paper industry processes and end products. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 34:203–11.
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Exercises
This page has been updated 15.11.2020