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Welcome
Themes
Introduction to forest-based bioeconomy
Wood products
Natural fibre products
Man-made bio-based fibre products
Bio-based nanomaterials
Recycled fibre
Pulping and biorefining
Energy and biofuels
Biomass chemistry and physiology
Material testing and product properties
Forests and other biomass resources
Supply chain
Process control and automation
Asset management
Business and investment planning
Environmental control and management
Learning paths
Learning path A
Learning path B
Other resources
Papermaking Science and Technology books
Podcasts
Webinars
Tools
How to use
Dictionary
Glossary
Contact
Contact us
Contributors
Profile
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Search
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Generic filters
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Generic filters
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Converting of paper and board
After reading this article you will..
understand why base papers and boards are converted.
recognise the types of functions, treatments and operations that are used to create added value for base substrates.
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Authors & references
Author:
Professor Jouni Paltakari, Aalto University
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This page has been updated 25.02.2025
Content
Natural fibre products
Printing and writing papers
Mechanical pulp dominating papers
Newsprint
Supercalendered papers
Coated mechanical papers
Production and processing of coated mechanical papers
Chemical pulp dominating paper grades
Uncoated fine papers
Production and processing of woodfree grades
Coated fine papers
Special fine papers
Paperboards
Cartonboards
Folding boxboard
Processing of FBB
Pulps used in FBB
Other raw materials of FBB
White lined chipboard
Solid bleached board
Solid unbleached board
Liquid packaging board
Production and processing of LPB
Pulps used in LPB
Containerboards
Linerboard
Production and processing of linerboard
Corrugating medium
Production and processing of corrugating medium
Corrugated board
Special boards
Tissue
Tissue manufacturing
Tissue converting
Nonwovens
Production and processing of nonwovens
Raw materials for nonwovens
Speciality papers
Speciality paper characteristics
Papers for electrical applications
Absorbent lamination papers
Papers for filtration
Production of paper and board
Stock and water systems
Stock preparation
Bale handling
Slushing and pulpers
Defibration
Refining
Design and operation principles of stock and water systems
Short circulation and approach flow system
System stability
Web Forming
Fibre Flocculation
Formation in Papermaking
Headboxes
Aircushion Headboxes
Hydraulic Headboxes
Headbox Nozzle
Multilayer Headboxes
High-concentration Headboxes
Wire Sections
Fibre Deposition
Forming Fabrics
Dewatering Resistance
Fourdrinier Forming
Twin-Wire Forming
Multi-Ply/Multilayer Forming
Forming and Paper Strength Concluded
Wet pressing of webs
Fundamentals of Wet Pressing
Modeling of Wet Pressing
Wet Pressing Variables and Their Effects
Water Removal in Wet Pressing
Sheet Quality in Wet Pressing
Wet pressing: Equipment parameters
Nip types
Roll Parameters: Materials
Felt Parameters
Press Section Configuration
Runnability and Web Transfer
Open Draw
Elimination of the Open Draw
Different Types of Press Sections
Innovative Pressing and Drying Techniques
Drying of natural fibre products
Drying of wood and timber
Drying methods in paper and board production
Multicylinder drying
Drying section components
Steam and condensate systems
Drying section ventilation and heat recovery
Yankee cylinder drying
Infrared drying
Condebelt drying
Dryer fabrics
Drying of paper coatings and surface size
Surface sizing
Traditional surface sizing technologies
New application methods and technologies
Pigment coating
Coating materials
Coating pigments – general
Kaolin
Calcined, structured and engineered kaolins
Preparation and flow properties of kaolin-containing coating colours
Properties of coated papers containing kaolin
Performance of kaolins in some specific paper grades
Ground calcium carbonate – general
GCC suspension behaviour and rheology
Use of GCC in paper and board coatings
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) – manufacturing and properties
Properties of coating colours containing PCC
Properties of coated papers containing PCC
Talc – occurrence and properties
Paper coating talc and coating slurry production
Talc applications in paper coating
Titanium dioxide – general
Manufacturing titanium dioxide pigments
Titanium dioxide containing coating formulations
Properties of coating and coated papers containing titanium dioxide pigment
Binders – general
Manufacturing and handling of latexes
Properties of styrene-acrylic and styrene butadiene-latexes
Impact of latex on the paper coating process and paper quality
Effect of binder latex on printability of paper and board
Coating process
Coating machine
Blade coating techniques
Curtain coating
Finishing
Calendering
Calendering process
Hard-nip calender
Soft calender
Supercalender
Multi-nip calender
Metal belt calender
Shoe nip calender
Reeling and winding in papermaking
Roll wrapping and handling
Sheet finishing
Converting of paper and board
Extrusion coating
Extrusion polymers
Dispersion coating
Lamination
Special coatings and treatments
Surface treatment
Conventional coating methods
Packaging
Closing of packages
Sealing
Gluing
Papermaking chemistry
Retention and drainage
Balance of retention, drainage and formation
Retention chemicals
Retention and drainage testing in laboratory
Paper machine water chemistry
Pitch and deposition problems and handling
Influence of broke on wet end chemistry
Testing of deposit control chemicals for broke in laboratory
Control of microorganisms
Measurement of microorganisms
Control of bacterial spores in making of hygienic grades
Control of slime growth on process surfaces
Oxidising biosides
Measurement of biocide residuals
Organic biocides
Preservation of additives and coating
Disinfection of fresh water
Internal sizing
Paper physics
Paper structure
Two-dimensional network
Three-dimensional network
Pores in paper
Formation
Fibre flocculation and forming mechanisms
Mass distribution in thickness direction
Fibre orientation
Laminar shear on wire
Hydrodynamic disturbances
Fibres and bonds
Raw material effects on fibres
The effects of pulping on fibres
Mechanical properties of wet fibres
Mechanical properties of dry fibres
Internal stresses in paper sheet
Fibres and bonding
Structure of inter-fibre bonds
Paper surface and thermal, electrical and friction characteristics
Surface roughness
Effect of fibre properties
Papermaking effects
Friction
Thermal properties
Mechanisms of heat transfer in paper
Specific heat and thermal diffusivity
Effect of furnish and paper structure on thermal properties
Electrical Properties
Resistivity of paper
Dielectric properties
Practical relevance of electrical properties
Measurement methods
Principles of optics for paper surfaces
Specular reflection from a rough surface
Paper optics
In-plane tensile properties
Elasticity
Papermaking effects and anisotropy
Load-elongation behaviour
Macroscopic observations
Microscopic yielding phenomena
Furnish and papermaking effects
Triaxial deformations
Tensile strength, fracture toughness and fracture energy
Web breaks and fracture toughness
Formation effects on tensile strength
Microscopic strength mechanisms
Measurement of fracture energy
Furnish and papermaking effects on tensile strength
Structural mechanics of paper and board
Bending stiffness
Bending stiffness of multilayer products
Furnish and papermaking effects
Compressive strength
Furnish and papermaking effects in compression
Fibre network in compression
Out-of-plane strength
Moisture transport
Interactions of water with fibres
Fluid transport in pores
Transport of inert gases
Diffusion of water vapour
Lucas-Washburn equation
Wetting and swelling in liquid penetration
Rheology
Fundamentals of viscoelasticity
Creep and stress relaxation
Stress relaxation
Dimensional stability
Hygroexpansion
Curl
Cockling and fluting
Dynamic dimensional changes
Printing
Conventional printing methods
Offset
Offset printing press and components
Ink transfer and ink drying in Offset
Offset printing inks and dampening water
Gravure
Gravure printing press and components
Gravure printing inks
Flexography
Flexography printing press and components
Flexographic printing inks
Screen printing
Introduction to digital printing
Electrophotography
Toners in electrophotography and their interaction with paper
Ink jet
Ink jet inks
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