Process control and automation
- Introduction to process control and automation
- Development of process automation
- Fibre process automation
- Chemical recovery as a control object
- Advances in paper machine automation
- Paper machine as a dynamical system
- Tasks in paper machine control and management
- Control of stock flow concentration and quality
- Machine direction control
- Cross-directional control – The static optimisation
- Cross-directional control – Dynamics
- Cross-directional control – further aspects
- Controlling functional paper properties
- Managing grade chances in the paper machine
- Managing disturbances caused by broke and recovered solids
- Millwide systems
- Modelling and control methods
Black liquor measurements The measurement problems of black liquor originate mainly from the liquor itself. Its contents and properties depend on several factors and those change when it proceeds in the processing system. The solids content rises from 15-25 % in weak black liquor, even up to 80-85 % in strong black liquor going from
Authors & references
Authors:
Professor Emeritus Kauko Leiviskä, University of Oulu
References:
- Clay, D. T. (2010). Evaporator principles and black liquor properties. 2010 TAPPI Kraft recovery course. 3.1. Florida, USA, TAPPI.
- K-patents. Pulp and paper. Application note 3.01.03. Kraft (sulfate) pulp: Evaporation. [Online] Available from: https://www.kpatents.com/assets/files/applications/3.01.03_kraft_sulfate_pulp_evaporation.pdf [Accessed 24th September 2019].
- Electron Machine Corporation. MDS Monitor Divert System. [Online] Available from: https://www.electronmachine.com/article_48_MDS-Monitor-Divert-System.cfm [Accessed 24th September 2019].
- Liquid Solids Control Inc. Model 326 Refractometer. [Online] Available from: https://www.liquidsolidscontrol.com/process-refractometer-systems [Accessed 24th September 2019].
- Nikolskaya, E., Janhunen, P., Haapalainen, M. and Hiltunen, Y. 2019. Solids Content of Black Liquor Measured by Online Time-Domain NMR. Applied Sciences 9:2169.
- Alabi, S.B. and Williamson, C.J. 2015. Neural Network-Based Model for Joint Prediction of the Newtonian and nonNewtonian Viscosities of Black Liquor. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 6(3):195-200.
- McCabe, E., Mott, D., Savoy, D and Tran. H. 2007. Controlling black liquor “viscosity” to improve recovery boiler performance. Pulp & Paper Canada 108(12):49-52.
- Alabi, S.B., Williamson, C.J. and Lee, J. 2010. Viscosity models for New Zealand black liquor at low solids concentrations. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 5(4):619-625.
- Alabi, S.B. and Williamson, C.J. 2011. Centrifugal pump-based predictive models for Kraft Black Liquor viscosity: An artificial neural network approach. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50(17):10320-10328.
- Alabi, S.B. and Williamson, C.J. 2015. Neural Network-Based Model for Joint Prediction of the Newtonian and NonNewtonian Viscosities of Black Liquor. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 6(3)195.
- ABLE Instruments. Continuous Level Measurement of Black Liquor & Soap. [Online] Available from: https://able.co.uk/media/2014/01/continuous-level-measurement-of-black-liquor-and-soap.pdf [Accessed 24th September 2019].
- Migliore, M. 2015. How guided wave radar level measurement works. Flow control. Solutions for fluid movement, measurement & containment. [Online] Available from: https://www.flowcontrolnetwork.com/how-guided-wave-radar-level-measurement-works/ [Accessed 24th September 2019].
- Emerson. Successful Measurement of Black Liquor and Soap Levels. [Online] Available from: https://www.emerson.com/documents/automation/case-study-successful-measurement-of-black-liquor-soap-levels-rosemount-en-73738.pdf [Accessed 24th September 2019].
- RTS Installations. SMS2000 – Soap and Liquor Interface System. [Online] Available from: https://www.sms2000.ca/interface-level [Accessed 24th September 2019].
- Paper Industry World. Measurement tools. [Online] Available from: https://www.paperindustryworld.com/measurement-tools/ [Accessed 24th September 2019].
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This page has been updated 14.11.2020