Environmental control and management
- Environmental control
- Environmental management
- Introduction to environmental management standards
- Introduction to environmental labels and declarations
- Ecodesign
- Introduction to ecolabels
- Life cycle thinking, management and assessment
- Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
- Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA)
- Design for the environment and green chemistry
- Sustainability management
- Circular economy management and assessment
- EU policy framework
- *EU Environment Action Programme
- *Sustainable development
- *Sustainable use of natural resources
- *Sustainable production and consumption
- *Circular economy
- *Climate action
- *Bioeconomy
- *Forest policy
- *Resource efficiency and raw materials
- *Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
- *Energy policy
- *Industrial policy
- *Best Available Techniques (BAT) and BREF
- *EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)
- *Green, sustainable and circular public procurement
- EU legal framework
- *SEA and EIA directives
- *EU FLEGT Regulation and EU Timber Regulation
- *Ecodesign Directive and Industrial Emissions Directive (IED)
- *EU Emissions Trading Directive
- *Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
- *Renewable energy and energy efficiency
- *Air quality and environmental noise
- *Reduction of certain atmospheric pollutants and ozone regulation
- *Water Framework Directive
- *Floods Directive and Groundwater Directive
- *Nitrates from agriculture and the sustainable use of pesticides
- *Construction products regulation and urban waste-water treatment
- *Waste Framework Directive
- *Packaging, packaging waste and landfill
- *Environmental liability and the control of major-accident hazards
- *Habitats Directive and Directive of Public Access to Environmental Information
- Multilateral Environmental Agreements
- *The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and The Paris Agreement
- *The UN Forest Instrument
- *The International Tropical Timber Agreement
- *The UN Convention on Biological Diversity
- *The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
- *The UN Convention to Combat Desertification
- *The Aarhus Convention and The Kyiv Protocol
- *The Espoo Convention
- *The Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment
- *The Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents
- *The Bazel Convention – Hazardous wastes and their disposal
- Environmental control and management in Finland
- Circular economy management in Finland
- Environmental policy in Finland
- *Sustainable development in Finland
- *Sustainable consumption and production policy in Finland
- *Circular economy policy in Finland
- *Bioeconomy policy in Finland
- *Climate policy in Finland
- *Biodiversity related policy in Finland
- *Land use policy in Finland
- *Construction policy in Finland
- *Waste policy in Finland
- *The policies related to environmental hazards of chemicals in Finland
- *Plastics policy in Finland
- Environmental law in Finland
- *Environmental Protection Act and Decree
- *Act on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure
- *Nature Conservation Act and Decree
- *Land Use and Building Act and Decree
- *Forest Act and Decree
- *Climate Change Act
- *Water Act
- *Waste Act and Decree
- *Chemicals Act
- *Act on Compensation of Environmental Damage and Environmental Damage Insurance Act and Decree
- Applying for an environmental permit for the project in Finland
Hydrothermal carbonisation General Hydrothermal carbonisation treatment (HCT) is a method for upgrading biomass for solid fuel or material applications. Relatively high yields can be recovered from various biomass feedstocks under comparatively low temperature and elevated pressure 1. As the process ideally operates under saturated steam pressure, the latent heat requirement for water evaporation can be
Authors & references
Authors:
Mikko Mäkelä and Olli Dahl, Aalto University
References
- Libra JA, Ro KS, Kammann C, Funke A, Berge ND, Neubauer Y, et al. Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: a comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis. Biofuels 2011;2:71–106. [Online] Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/BFS.10.81. [Accessed 6th November 2019].
- Mikko Mäkelä and Kunio Yoshikawa. Simulating hydrothermal treatment of sludge within a pulp and paper mill. Applied Energy 173 (2016) 177–183. [Online] Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.017 [Accessed 6th November 2019].
- Mäkelä M., Forsberg J., Söderberg C., Larsson S.H., Dahl O., Process water properties from hydrothermal carbonization of chemical sludge from a pulp and board mill. Bioresource Technology 263 (2018) 654–659.
- Mäkelä M., Benavente C., Fullana A., Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass: effect of process conditions on hydrochar properties. Applied Energy 155 (2015) 576–584. [Online] Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.022 [Accessed 6th November 2019].
- Wikberg H, Grönberg V, Jermakka J, Kemppainen K, Kleen M, Laine C, et al., Hydrothermal refining of biomass – an overview and future perspectives. Tappi Journal 14 (2015) 195–207.
- Zhao P, Shen G, Ge S, Chen Z, Yoshikawa K. Clean solid biofuel production from high moisture content waste biomass employing hydrothermal treatment. Applied Energy 131 (2014) 345–367. [Online] Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.038. [Accessed 6th November 2019].
- Danso-Boateng, E., Shama, G., Wheatley, A.D., Martin, S.J., Holdich, R.G., Hydrothermal carbonisation of sewage sludge: effect of process conditions on product characteristics and methane production. Bioresource Technology 177 (2015) 318–327.
- He, C., Giannis, A., Wang, J.-Y., Conversion of sewage sludge to clean solid fuel using hydrothermal carbonization: hydrochar fuel characteristics and combustion behavior. Applied Energy 111 (2013) 257–266.
- Danso-Boateng, E., Holdich, R.G., Shama, G., Wheatley, A.D., Sohail, M., Martin, S.J., Kinetics of faecal biomass hydrothermal carbonization for hydrochar production. Applied Energy 111 (2013) 351–357.
- Fakkaew, F., Koottatep, T., Polprasert, C., Effects of hydrolysis and carbonization reactions on hydrochar production. Bioresource Technology 192 (2015) 328–334.
- Areeprasert, C., Zhao, P., Ma, D., Shen, Y., Yoshikawa, K., Alternative solid fuel production from paper sludge employing hydrothermal treatment. Energy & Fuels 28 (2014) 1198–1206.
- Areeprasert, C., Chanyavanich, P., Ma, D., Shen, Y., Prabowo, B., Yoshikawa, K., Combustion characteristics and kinetics study of hydrothermally treated paper sludge by thermogravimetric analysis. Biofuels 5 (2014) 673–685.
- Alatalo, S.-M., Repo, E., Mäkilä, E., Salonen, J., Vakkilainen, E., Sillanpää, M., Adsorption behavior of hydrothermally treated municipal sludge & pulp and paper industry sludge. Bioresource Technology 147 (2013) 71–76.
- Catalkopru, A.K., Kantarli, I.C., Yanik, J., 2017. Effects of spent liquor recirculation in hydrothermal carbonization. Bioresour. Technol. 226, 89–93.
- Wirth, B., Reza, M.T., Continuous anaerobic degradation of liquid condensate from steam-derived hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 4 (2016) 1673–1678.
- Villamil, J.A., Mohedano, A.F., Rodriguez, J.J., de la Rubia, M.A., Valorisation of the liquid fraction from hydrothermal carbonisation of sewage sludge by anaerobic digestion. Journal of Chemical Technoly & Biotechnology 93 (2017) 450–456.
- Riedel, G., Koehler, R., Poerschmann, J., Kopinke, F.-D., Weiner, B., Combination of hydrothermal carbonization and wet oxidation of various biomasses. Chemical Engineering Journal 279 (2015) 715–724.
- Swedish Energy Agency (2018), press release. [Online] Available from: https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/news/2018/new-technology-converts-sludge-into-biofuel/ [Accessed 6th November 2019].
Videos
Exercises
This page has been updated 29.10.2020