Bio-based nanomaterials
- Introduction – What are bio-based nanomaterials?
- Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF)
- Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) – general introduction
- Bacterial celluloses
- Nanolignin
- Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)
- Market for bio-based nanomaterials
- Safety of bio-based nanomaterials
- Additive manufacturing of bio-based (nano)materials
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) Cellulose nanofibrils can be produced from various cellulose-containing raw materials. Wood pulps are a typical source but various annual plants and industrial side-streams, for example from food processing or paper mills, have potential as well. CNFs are manufactured by mechanical treatments, for example by grinding, homogenisation or microfluidisation. During mechanical treatment, the
Authors & references
Author:
Heli Kangas, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
References:
- Saito, T. and Isogai, A. (2004) TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose. The effect of oxidation conditions on chemical and crystal structures of the water-insoluble fractions. Biomacromolecules 5, 1983; Saito, T. et al. (2006) Homogeneous suspensions of individualized microfibrils from TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules 7, 1687; Saito, T. et al. (2007) Cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation of native cellulose. Biomacromolecules 8, 2485; Saito, T. et al. (2009) Individualization of nano-sized plant cellulose fibrils by direct surface carboxylation using TEMPO catalyst under neutral conditions. Biomacromolecules 10, 1992.
- Wågberg, L. et al. (2008). The build-up of polyelectrolyte multilayers of microfibrillated cellulose and cationic polyelectrolytes. Langmuir, 784-795.
- Ghanadpour, M., Carosio, F., Larsson, P.T., Wågberg, L. (2015) Phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils: a renewable nanomaterial for the preparation of intrinsically flame-retardant materials. Biomacromolecules 16, 3399-3410; Naderi, A., Lindström, T., Weise, C.F., Flodberg, G., Sundström, J., Junel, K. (2016) Phosphorylated nanofibrillated cellulose: production and properties. Nord. Pulp Paper Res. J. 31, 020-029; Noguchi, Y., Homma, I., Matsubara, Y. (2017) Complete nanofibrillation of cellulose prepared by phosphorylation. Cellulose 24, 1295-1305.
- Pääkkö, M. et al. (2007). Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels. Biomacromolecules 8, 1934; Henriksson, M. et al. (2008). Cellulose nanopaper structures of high toughness. Biomacromolecules 9, 1579.
- Heiskanen, I., Backfolk, K., Vehviläinen, M., Kamppuri, T., Nousianen, P. (2011) Process for the production of microfibrillated cellulose and produced microfibrillated cellulose. WO 2011/004284 A1; Heiskanen, I., Backfolk, K., Vehviläinen, M., Kamppuri, T., Nousiainen, P. (2011) Process for producing microfibrillated cellulose. WO 2011/004301. Hiltunen, J., Kemppainen, K., Pere, J. (2015) Process for producing fibrillated cellulose material. WO 2015/092146 A1; Lehmonen, J., Pere, J., Hytönen, E., Kangas, H. (2017). Effect of cellulose microfibril (CMF) addition on strength properties of middle ply of board. Cellulose 24, 1041-1055 DOI 10.1007/s10570-016-1146-0
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This page has been updated 28.10.2020