Effects of forest management and structure on forest pests An important issue for both forest and pest management is whether forest management and the structure of forests affect the density and damage caused by forest pests and pathogens. Plantation monocultures are frequently regarded as more susceptible to outbreaks of pests and pathogens than “natural” forests
*Impacts of replacing fossil fuels and fossil materials on radiative forcing Climate warming may further be reduced by using forest biomass to replace fossil fuels alone or combining the use of energy biomass with the use of wood-based materials to increase carbon density outside forests. Figure 1 shows the profile of cumulative radiative forcing (CRF)
* Radiative forcing related to carbon in ecosystem When the focus is only on the given site without and with tree stand, the change in radiative forcing (ΔRm, J m-2 d-1) is related the changes in carbon stocks due to reforestation 1: (1) where, C is the background
*Mitigating radiative forcing in management Radiative forcing indicates the balance between the income and outcome of energy, which measures the flow rate of energy entering/departing the earth system 1. The positive balance indicates warming (positive forcing) and the negative balance cooling (negative forcing). When added over the given time, the accumulated energy yields the cumulative
*Mitigating radiative forcing in forestry and forest-based production Management and harvest, in general, changes the forest albedo and enhances the capacity of the forest sector to mitigate climate change. In this respect, albedo controls the heat fluxes and consequent warming related to the forest cover (Figure 1). Albedo is high in deciduous but low in
Carbon retention in forest ecosystems and forest-based production Carbon taken up in gross primary production cycles through autotrophic respiration, net primary growth (growth), litter fall and emission into the atmosphere from decaying soil organic matter (litter and humus). The balance between net primary production and emission indicates the net ecosystem exchange (NEE): NEE =
Carbon balance in managed forests Zubizarret-Gerendiain 1 investigated how management, harvest and use of wood for different purposes would affect carbon in forestry. The calculations were done both for Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch growing in the middle boreal zone (62o N) under current and warming climate. Warming represented the SRES A1B emission scenario, likely
Carbon stocks in trees and soil In forest-based mitigation, carbon is removed from the atmosphere and retained in several ways in the ecosystem and outside not emitted in the atmosphere: to enhance forest growth including proper tree species choice; to reduce deforestation and degradation of existing forests; to increase the forested land area in afforestation/reforestation;
Climate change and forest damaged related to pests and herbivory Climate change will alter the distribution of poikilothermic animals, whose distribution is ultimately determined by climatic factors. Especially increasing winter temperatures have been proposed to be the key factor affecting the range shifts in insects by reducing winter mortality. As a result of temperature increase,
Biological control in pest management Pest management “from below” refers to a management strategy where the resistance of trees against pests is increased or the availability of food resources for pests is reduced. Pest management can also be done “from above” by manipulating natural enemies such as predators, parasites and pathogens which control the population
