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Forests and other biomass resources
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Forest sectors in a local and global context

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Forests and other biomass resources
  • Introduction to biomass resources
  • Trees, forest and forest ecosystems
    • Structure of a tree
      • Structure of a tree -Wood
      • Structure of a tree -Bark, leaves and needles, roots
    • Functioning of a tree
      • Carbon uptake and photosynthetic production in whole tree context
      • Transpiration
      • Respiration
      • Height and radial growth
      • Reproductive processes
      • Mortality
    • Dynamics of forest ecosystem in interaction between trees and environment
      • Light within tree and tree population and carbon fixation
      • Carbon exchange between atmosphere and forest ecosystem
      • Nutrients in forest ecosystem and geo-biotic cycle
        • Decay and accumulation of organic matter in soil
      • Hydrological cycle through forest ecosystem
    • Long term dynamics and succession of forest ecosystem
      • Forest succession related to disturbances
      • Primary production and growth
      • Growth and yield
    • Forest ecosystem under climate change
      • Impacts of climate change on trees in ecosystems
      • Impacts of climate change on growth and yield
  • Global forest resources
    • Global vegetation
    • Forest formations
    • Global forest resources and their utilisation
      • Forest cover
      • Decline of forest cover
      • Growing stocking
      • Removal of round wood and fuel wood
      • Harvest of non-wood forest products
      • Primary forests and conservation of forests
      • Carbon sequestration and carbon stocks
      • Environmental change and risks for forests
    • Forest plantations
      • Prospects of forest plantations
  • Structure and properties of wood and woody biomass
    • Biomass components of a tree
      • Crown mass
      • Stump and roots wood
    • Macroscopy and formation of wood
    • Chemical composition of wood
      • Primary cell wall constituents
      • Extractives of wood
      • Inorganic components of wood
    • Cell walls and woody cells
      • Softwood cells
      • Hardwood cells
    • Properties of wood as raw material
      • Juvenile wood
      • Reaction wood
      • Heartwood
      • Knots
      • Moisture content of wood
      • Basic density of wood
    • Bark in trees and raw material
    • Properties of wood for energy
      • Heating value of wood and bark
  • Forest inventory and planning
    • Forest inventory
      • Measurement of a forest stand
    • Large area inventory
      • Sampling concepts
    • Use of remote sensing in forest inventory
    • Forest management planning
      • Mathematical programming
      • Heuristic methods
      • Including non-timber benefits into forest planning
      • Risks dealed in forest planning
  • Management of forest ecosystems
    • Forest production in ecological context
    • Regeneration through natural seeding
    • Regeneration through planting
    • Genetic improvement of trees for forest plantations
    • Management of growing and developing forest over time
    • Spacing and thinning affecting availability of resources
    • Thinning regimes and rules
    • Management of sequestrate carbon and adaptation to climate change
    • Management for improving timber quality
    • Management of nutrient resources and site fertility
    • Management of abiotic risks
      • Risks of wind damage
      • Risk of snow damages
      • Other abiotic risks
    • Management of biotic risks
      • Characteristics of pest outbreaks
      • Resistance mechanism of trees against herbivores and pathogens
      • Induced defence
      • Models explaining variation in chemical defence between plants
      • Biological control in pest management
      • Effects of forest management and structure on forest pests
      • Climate change and forest damaged related to pests and herbivory
    • Management of forests for sequetration carbon in carbon mitigating warming
      • Carbon stocks in trees and soil
      • Carbon balance in managed forests
      • Carbon retentation in forest ecosystems and forest-based prodcution
      • *Mitigating radiative forcing in forestry and forest-based production
      • Mitigating radiative forcing in management
      • * Radiative forcing related to carbon in ecosystem
      • * Impacts of replacing fossil fuels and fossil materials on radiative forcing
    • Management for adaptation to climate change
      • Management for adaptation- a European example
  • Timber procurement
    • Timber assortments
    • Harvest and timber transport
      • Logging machinery
    • Harvesting woody biomass for energy
    • Opening forest areas for logging by consturcting roads
    • Storing timber
    • Organising and planning harvesting operations
    • Harvesting in industrial plantations
    • Damage to timber
      • Abiotic damage
      • Fungal decay
      • Comparison of rot types and prevention of rot
      • Attack by insects and aquatic organisms
      • Influence of storage on mill processes
    • Environmental impacts of timber harvesting
      • Energy consumption and emissions
      • Impacts on forest site in thinning
      • Impacts on biodiversity, multiple use, and landscape
    • Timber trade
  • Timber measurement
    • Timber measurement legislation
    • Timber measurement during logging
    • Timber measurement at roadside
    • Measurement of stacked timber
    • Timber measurement at mill
      • Measurement of stack volume of pulpwood on the vehicle
    • Detection of timber quality
    • Determination of moisture content
    • Costs involved in timber measurement
    • Further development of timber measuring methods
  • Wood markets and cost of wood
    • Economic structure of in wood procurement
    • Economics of forest management and wood production
    • Financial analysis and wood production
    • Roundwood markets
  • Global forest related policies and governance
    • Main issues on global forest agenda
    • Development of global forest policies and governance
    • UNCED environmental conventions
    • UNCED-initiated forest processes
    • Market-based and -oriented actors and processes
    • Civil society related actors and processes

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This page has been updated 09.05.2019
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