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Pulping and biorefining

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Bleaching (lignin-preserving or lignin-retaining bleaching)

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Pulping and biorefining

  • General approach and principles
  • Extraction-based methods
    • Separation of valuable extractives from trees
    • Choosing the right solvent – hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
    • Stemwood extractives-based products
    • Operation modes and procedures in industrial extraction processes
    • Exudate gums and latexes
    • Hot-water extraction
    • Wood extractives – general description
    • Factors contributing to the loss of extractives
    • Chemical changes in extractives during storage
    • Bark extractives – terpenes and terpenoids
    • Bark extractives – polyphenols and other minor compounds
    • Use of deep eutectic solvents (DES)
  • Chemical and biochemical conversion
    • Acid-catalysed hydrolysis with mineral acids
    • Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis with organic acids
    • Enzymatic hydrolysis
    • Utilisation of carbohydrates in hydrolysates
      • Basic chemicals by fermentation
      • Basic chemicals by common chemical methods
    • Anaerobic digestion
  • Thermochemical conversion
    • Pyrolysis
      • Pyrolysis reactions- Cellulose
      • Pyrolysis reactions- Hemicelluloses
      • Pyrolysis reactions – Lignin
      • Pyrolysis reactions – Extractives
      • Product composition and properties
      • Production technologies – pyrolysis
    • Gasification
      • Products from syngas
      • Production technologies – Gasification
    • Liquefaction
    • Production of bioenergy
  • Kraft pulping
    • Wood material handling systems
      • Incoming wood handling
      • Debarking
      • Bark handling
      • Chipping
      • Chip screening
      • Chip storage
      • Chip transport
      • Water handling
    • Pulping process-general approach
    • Pulping technologies
      • Batch cooking
        • Displacement batch cooking – process description
        • Displacement batch cooking – technical realisation
        • Developments in batch cooking technology
      • Continuous cooking
        • Continuous cooking – technical realisation
        • Modified continuous cooking
        • Examples of further developments
      • Reactions of wood constituents
        • Lignin reactions – kraft pulping
        • Carbohydrate reactions – Kraft pulping
      • Washing, screening and cleaning of pulp
        • Washing – principles
        • Mass transfer in washing
        • Washing efficiency
        • Washing technology
          • Pressure diffuser
          • Atmospheric diffuser
          • Wash presses
          • Pressure filters
          • Vacuum filters
          • Belt washer
        • Washing systems
        • Screening
        • Screening operations
        • Screening systems
        • Cleaning technology
    • Drying of chemical pulps
    • Chemical (market) pulps drying plant applications
    • Recovery of cooking chemicals and by-products
      • Black liquor-properties
        • Evaporation
        • Fractionation of black liquor – lignin
        • Fractionation of black liquor – aliphatic carboxylic acids
      • Tall oil-based products
      • Methanol purification
      • Sulphuric acid production out of CNCG
      • Turpentine-based products
    • Integrated biorefinery concepts
      • Acidic pretreatments prior to delignification
      • Alkaline pretreatments
      • Delignification phase
  • Oxygen-alkali delignification
    • Chemistry of oxygen
    • Reactions of lignin – oxygen alkali delignification
    • Reactions of carbohydrates – oxygen-alkali delignification
    • Reactions of extractives – oxygen-alkali delignification
    • Composition of effluents – oxygen-alkali delignification
    • Process configurations – oxygen-alkali delignification
  • Delignifying or lignin-removing bleaching
    • Manufacturing of bleaching chemicals
    • Metal management
    • Enzymes in pulp bleaching
    • Dispersants
  • Other delignification methods
    • Acid sulphite pulping
      • Reactions of lignin – acid sulphite pulping
      • Reactions of carbohydrates in acid sulphite pulping
      • Spent liquors
    • Neutral and alkaline sulphite pulping
    • Organosolv pulping
    • Soda pulping
  • Mechanical pulping

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This page has been updated 08.01.2021
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